環(huán)境微生物學(xué)

前言

環(huán)境微生物學(xué)的歷史可以追溯到對城市廢物的處理和處置研究。在第一版的《環(huán)境微生物學(xué)》中，我們就認識到這門學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)拓展到土壤、水和大氣系統(tǒng)，包括土著微生物與有機／無機污染物的相互作用，進入這些系統(tǒng)的病原體的行為，還包括新的微生物及其產(chǎn)物的發(fā)現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用，以造福人類健康或謀得福祉。在第一版問世后的這些年間，有關(guān)各種環(huán)境下微生物以及群落的知識出現(xiàn)了前所未有的爆炸。因此，在《環(huán)境微生物學(xué)》第二版中，我們增加了對極端環(huán)境以及微生物群落和微生物之間信息傳遞的章節(jié)。類似地，出于對日益增加的人口壓力和氣候變化的認識，我們新增了室內(nèi)微生物學(xué)、生物恐怖主義，以及全球變化對微生物傳染病的影響等章節(jié)。微生物可謂無處不在，它們遍布于世界上每一個角落，任何一處你能想象得到的環(huán)境中都有這些微小的生命。比如在土壤中，一克土壤就含有數(shù)十億個微生物，并且蘊含著所有與這些微生物相聯(lián)系的代謝活動。考慮到微生物巨大的生物多樣性，可以想象一下，如果要研究地球上每個生物群系中發(fā)現(xiàn)的所有微生物的主要組別，需要面對多大的挑戰(zhàn)啊。那么不妨再想象一下，要發(fā)展合適的策略和方法來利用和操縱它們，又需要面對多大的挑戰(zhàn)。其實，這些就是環(huán)境微生物學(xué)要做的工作。我們邀請您讀讀這本書，從而開始一段令人興奮的歷險旅程：了解多種多樣環(huán)境中的不同微生物。本書共有8個部分，循序遞進：（一）基礎(chǔ)部分，為后面更為專深的章節(jié)提供充分的知識背景；（二）微生物環(huán)境，包括土壤、水體和大氣；（三）關(guān)于微生物活性的檢測和定量分析，包括培養(yǎng)法、顯微觀察、生理學(xué)方法、分子生物學(xué)方法和免疫學(xué)方法；（四）微生物與環(huán)境的相互影響，從元素的循環(huán)到微生物的信息傳遞再到細菌群落的發(fā)育和運動；（五）金屬污染和有機污染的微生物修復(fù)；（六）水和食物來源的病原體；（七）廢棄物的處理和飲用水；（八）城市問題，包括家庭和室內(nèi)微生物，生物恐怖主義以及風(fēng)險評估。這本教材是為環(huán)境微生物學(xué)專業(yè)的高年級本科生或研究生編寫的，也可以作為對這一領(lǐng)域感興趣的科學(xué)家和工程師的參考書。總體上，本書旨在介紹環(huán)境微生物學(xué)中重要的微生物、微生物所依賴的不同環(huán)境的特性、檢測微生物及其活性的方法，最后評價了微生物對人類活動的影響。本書是三位學(xué)者共同努力的結(jié)果，他們在環(huán)境微生物學(xué)中的研究領(lǐng)域雖各不相同，卻又相輔相成。他們是亞利桑那大學(xué)的親密合作伙伴，有著大量的科研項目，并一起廣泛運用先進的跨學(xué)科方法研究各種實際問題，如極端環(huán)境中的微生物、微生物表面活性劑在生物技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用、新出現(xiàn)的病原菌的分子檢測、微生物和DNA在土壤中的遷移以及微生物的風(fēng)險評價。這些涉及領(lǐng)域廣泛的研究為本書闡明重要的知識點提供了大量例證。三位作者在亞利桑那大學(xué)的11位同事也為此做出了重要貢獻。

內(nèi)容概要

本書旨在介紹環(huán)境微生物學(xué)中重要的微生物、微生物所依賴的不同環(huán)境的特性、檢測微生物及其活性的方法，還評價了微生物對人類活動的影響。三位作者是亞利桑那大學(xué)的親密合作伙伴，在環(huán)境微生物學(xué)中的研究領(lǐng)域各不相同，卻又相輔相成。這些涉及領(lǐng)域廣泛的研究為本書闡明重要的知識點提供了大量例證。多位撰稿人的貢獻也使此書在深度和廣度上具有延續(xù)性，內(nèi)容上則與當(dāng)下的研究前沿基本一致。    根據(jù)國內(nèi)讀者的需要，導(dǎo)讀版分為基礎(chǔ)篇和拓展篇，所配光盤包含原著全部彩圖。這本教材適用于環(huán)境微生物學(xué)專業(yè)的高年級本科生或研究生，也可以作為對這一領(lǐng)域感興趣的科學(xué)家和工程師的參考書。

作者簡介

作者：(美國)邁爾(Raina M.Maier) (美國)Ian L.Pepper (美國)Charles P.Gerba 合著者：劉和 陳堅

書籍目錄

前言致謝作者撰稿作者基礎(chǔ)篇  第一部分 微生物的基本概念    第1章 環(huán)境微生物學(xué)緒論      1.1 引言      1.2 歷史回顧      1.3 現(xiàn)代環(huán)境微生物學(xué)      1.4 本書的用途和結(jié)構(gòu)    第2章 微生物類群      2.1 生物分類      2.2 真細菌        2.2.1 細胞膜        2.2.2 細胞質(zhì)        2.2.3 多糖包被        2.2.4 細胞的附加物        2.2.5 內(nèi)生孢子        2.2.6 信息傳遞        2.2.7 新陳代謝      2.3 古細菌        2.3.1 古細菌的生境        2.3.2 古細菌的功能      2.4 真菌        2.4.1 真菌結(jié)構(gòu)        2.4.2 真菌的多樣性        2.4.3 生態(tài)學(xué)重要性      2.5 黏液菌類      2.6 原生動物        2.6.1 原生動物的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能        2.6.2 生理學(xué)和生態(tài)學(xué)上的重要性      2.7 藻類        2.7.1 藻類細胞的結(jié)構(gòu)        2.7.2 生理學(xué)和生態(tài)學(xué)上的重要性      2.8 病毒        2.8.1 病毒的傳染特性        2.8.2 原核病毒        2.8.3 真核病毒      2.9 其他生物實體        2.9.1 類病毒        2.9.2 朊病毒      參考文獻    第3章 細菌的生長      3.1 細菌在燒瓶純培養(yǎng)條件下的生長        3.1.1 延遲期        3.1.2 指數(shù)期        3.1.3 穩(wěn)定期        3.1.4 衰亡期        3.1.5 底物濃度對生長的影響      3.2 連續(xù)培養(yǎng)      3.3 在環(huán)境中的生長        3.3.1 延遲期        3.3.2 指數(shù)期        3.3.3 穩(wěn)定期和衰亡期      3.4 生長質(zhì)量平衡        3.4.1 好氧條件        3.4.2 厭氧條件      思考題      參考文獻與擴展閱讀  第二部分 微生物的生長環(huán)境  第三部分 檢測、計數(shù)和鑒定拓展篇  第四部分 微生物的信息傳遞，活動，以及與環(huán)境和營養(yǎng)循環(huán)的相互作用  第五部分 有機污染物與金屬污染物的治理  第六部分 水源性和食源性病原菌  第七部分 廢水處理與消毒  第八部分 城市微生物索引

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：1.3 MODERN ENVIRONMENTALMICROBIOLOGYIn modern environmental microbiology, pathogens and bioremediation remain fundamental to the field, but in both cases these subject areas have been greatly enhanced through the application of molecular genetics and biotechnology tools. For example, development and assessment of new methods of detection and elimination of pathogens in our water and food supply, as well as the indoor environment we live in today, have become critical to public health with the global growth in population. Arguably, human and environmental hygiene efforts have had the greatest impact on reducing human suffering throughout the past century.This is also true today as we see the evolution of new and more virulent forms of environmentally transmitted pathogens. This has been highlighted by concerns about the spread of SARS and the potential for the rapid spread of avian bird flu. Vaccine development is often not rapid enough to guarantee protection and so the environmental microbiologist must be prepared to develop better methods to reduce or stop the spread of these agents throughout the environment. Continuing outbreaks of norovirus diarrhea on cruise ships has demonstrated how difficult an environ-mentally spread agent can be to control. New strategies are needed, such as the development of self-disinfecting surfaces, environmentally friendly disinfectants, more rapid methods of detecting indicators and pathogens in our environment. In addition, application of risk assessment to target the need for control where it is most effective and better products for the consumer are reducing the risk associated with environmentally transmitted infections.The beginning of this century brought a new task for environmental microbiologists in the area of pathogen detection. The impact of just a few letters contaminated with anthrax spores demonstrated how rapidly a terrorist could disseminate a highly virulent pathogen across an entire region of a nation. It also demonstrated how little we know about the transport, survival, and methods of decontamination of lethal agents that could be used by bioterrorists. National security now depends on the development of methods for detection of select agents in the environment and models to assess their fate and control.New challenges have similarly emerged in the area of bioremediation. New chemicals have been detected in ground and surface waters that serve as our potable water resources. In addition, our ability to detect chemicals has gotten better and more comprehensive. For these reasons we have discovered contamination in previously "clean" sources of water. Further, as society grows, we put increasing stress on water resources. In many parts of the United States, for example, groundwater is currently being used at a faster rate than it is being recharged. Add to this increasing wasted is charges containing biological and chemical contamination that enter our water resources, and it becomes clear that environmental microbiologists face large challenges in this arena. These issues also arise in contaminated soil environments. As the global population increases, land resources are becoming more valuable and communities are encroaching on contaminated sites, including landfills,mine railings sites, and agricultural fields with years of pesticide applications. New strategies are needed in this area to treat sites that contain emerging contaminants, contaminant mixtures, and low levels of contaminants. Applications of risk assessment to target the need for control where it is most effective, and for community education to reduce risks associated with living next to contaminated sites, are also becoming more important. A third important area of environmental microbiology has emerged over the past decade, that of mole culaecology. Molecular ecology as it relates to environment almicrobiology can be defined as investigating diversity in he environment, and mining and exploiting that diversity for new natural products and activities. Molecular-based methodologies are now enabling us to detect, define, and better understand the ecology not only of natural habitats such as soil and water, but also of anthropologic environments such as households, fomites, or municipal wastes.Powerful molecular-based tools are becoming available to allow the examination of microbial communities through analys is of microbial DNA and RNA （PCR, gene probes,DNA sequencing, meta genomics） as well as proteins（proteomics）. Such techniques now allow us to search for new microbes in extreme environments such as hot springs,caves, deep-sea thermal vents, and deep subsurface environments. Molecular sequence analysis of community DNA permits a new appreciation of microbial diversity, and also of how microbial communities function and communicate via quorum sensing. This new evaluation of the microbial environment is also affording innovative approaches to the discovery of high value "green" products that can be use din medicine, agriculture, and industry. Examples include new antibiotics and other natural products, plant-growth-promoting bacteria to enhance growth of crops, and new chemicals that can be used as detergents, solvents, surfactants, pesticides, and in food processing.

編輯推薦

《環(huán)境微生物學(xué):基礎(chǔ)篇(導(dǎo)讀版)(原著第2版)》的前言和目錄均已譯成中文，正文部分保留英文原版。另附江南大學(xué)陳堅教授、劉和博士所作的中文導(dǎo)讀一篇。章節(jié)目錄：第一部分 微生物的基本概念第1章 環(huán)境微生物學(xué)緒論第2章 微生物類群第3章 細菌的生長第二部分 微生物的生長環(huán)境第4章 陸地環(huán)境第5章 大氣微生物學(xué)第6章 水環(huán)境第7章 極端環(huán)境第三部分 檢測、計數(shù)和鑒定第8章 樣品的采集與處理第9章 顯微技術(shù)第10章 培養(yǎng)方法第11章 生理學(xué)方法第12章 免疫學(xué)方法第13章 建立在核酸基礎(chǔ)上的分析方法……

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