神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌學與神經(jīng)免疫學

前言

什么是百科全書？這一名詞來自于兩個希臘單詞：enkuklios（意思是循環(huán)的）和paideia（意思是教育）。在16世紀早期，拉丁手稿的抄寫者們將這兩個單詞合而為一，其在英語中演化為一個單詞，意思是具有廣泛指導意義的工具書（The American Heritage Dictionary，2000，Boston：Houghton Mifflin，p.589）。從其來源可見，其希臘文原詞中蘊含著以探索、綜合的方式努力獲取知識的含義。無論是拉丁文還是英文，該單詞泛指涵蓋廣泛領域知識的工具書。希臘文中強調(diào)的以創(chuàng)造性手段獲取知識，在神經(jīng)科學領域尤其適用。神經(jīng)科學本身就是一個非常新的名詞。Francis Schmitt在本書第一版的前言中指出，本書的編寫過程就是將不同領域的科學家們聚集在一起，沖擊大腦研究中最頑固的難題。他推動建立了神經(jīng)科學研究項目（Neuroscience Research。Program，簡稱NRP）。早期的NIRP成員包括一些學術巨匠，如因關于光合作用的研究獲得諾貝爾獎的Melvin Calvin、諾貝爾獎獲得者物理化學家Manfred：Eigen、生物化學家Alberc Lehninger，和當時正在努力破解基因編碼的年輕分子生物學家Marshall Nirenberg。Schmitt建立NRP的時候，神經(jīng)科學作為一門綜合學科還幾乎不存在。微電極的發(fā)明使神經(jīng)生理學家們得以記錄單細胞的電活動，但是幾乎不可能甄別其生物化學特性。一個重要的推進來自20世紀60年代中期涌現(xiàn)的Falck-Hillarp熒光顯微鏡技術，它能夠選擇性地觀察兒茶酚胺和5.羥色胺能神經(jīng)元。這些胺類通路的研究又很快使得檢測選擇性損傷后效應的行為學家們和生化學家們開始合作研究，使得后者的工作不再局限于在整個腦組織勻漿的水平研究神經(jīng)遞質。20世紀70年代關于神經(jīng)遞質受體的生化研究、它們位點的放射自顯影研究，以及神經(jīng)多肽的免疫組織化學研究，更是進一步促進了神經(jīng)生理學家、神經(jīng)解剖學家、神經(jīng)化學家和神經(jīng)藥理學家們的對話。而過去兩個世紀以來，分子生物學技術手段的應用更加豐富了這一交流。

內(nèi)容概要

《神經(jīng)科學百科全書》原書篇幅巨大，為所有神經(jīng)科學百科全書之首。書中覆蓋了神經(jīng)科學全部主要領域，由來自世界各地的2400多位專家撰稿人合力打造。每個詞條在收入書中之前均經(jīng)過顧問委員會的同行評議，詞條中均含有詞匯表、引言、參考文獻和豐富的交叉參考內(nèi)容。其內(nèi)容平易而深度和廣度獨一無二。主編LarryR.Squire為美國神經(jīng)科學學會前主席，暢銷教科書《基礎神經(jīng)科學》(Fundamental Neuroscience)的策劃人與主編。

作者簡介

編者：（美國）斯奎爾（Larry R.Squire）

書籍目錄

神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌學　Adrenal Steroids: Biphasic Effects on Neurons　Angiotensin Actions on and within Brain　Birdsong Learning: Evolutionary, Behavioral, and Hormonal Issues　Chromaffin Cells: Model Cells for Neuronal Cell Biology　Chronic (Repeated) Stress: Consequences, Adaptations　Circumventricular Organs in Neuroendocrine Control　Clock Gene Regulation of Endocrine Function　Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Urocortins: Binding Proteins and Receptors　Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: Integration of Adaptive Responses to Stress　Emotional Hormones and Memory Modulation　Endocrine Function During Sleep and Sleep Deprivation　Estrus and Menstrual Cycles: Neuroendocrine Control　Gene Expression Regulation: Steroid Hormone Effects　Glial Plasticity and Neuroendocrine Regulation　Gliai Steroid Metabolism　Gonadal Steroid Actions on Brain　Gonadotropin, Neural and Hormonal Control　Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: GnRH-1 System　Growth Hormone　Hormonal Signaling to the Brain for the Control of Feeding/Energy Balance　Hormones and Behavior　Hormones and Memory　Hypothalamic Structure-Function Relationships　Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis　Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis: Organization, Neural/Endocrine Control of TRH　Immune System-Neuroendocrine Interactions　Invertebrate Neurohormone GPCRs　Kisspeptins and their Receptors　Magnocellular Neurosecretory System: Organization, Plasticity, Model Peptidergic Neurons　Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep　Neuroendocrine Aging: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Women　Neuroendocrine Aging: Pituitary Metabolism　Neuroendocrine Aging: Pituitary~Adrenal Axis　Neuroendocrine Aging: Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Males　Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Balance (Central Circuits/Mechanisms)　Neuroendocrine Control: Maternal Behavior　Neuroendocrine Peptide Processing　Neuroendocrinology　Neuroendocrinology of Affective Disorders　Neuroendocrinology of Puberty　Neuroendocrinology of Social/Affiliative Behavior　Neurohypophyseal System　Neuroimmune System: Aging　Neuropeptides: Endocrine Cells　Neurosecretion (Regulated Exocytosis in Neuroendocrine Ceils)　Neurosteroids　Oxytocin (Peripheral/Central Actions and their Regulation)　Pineal Gland and Melatonin　Pituitary Gland (Cell Types, Mediators, Development)　Prolactin and its Neuroendocrine Control　Proopiomelanocortin　Pulsatility in Neuroendocrine Systems　Seasonal Hormonal Changes and Behavior　Sexual Behavior: Neuroendocrine Control　Stress and Neural Involvement in Metabolism　Stress and Suicide　Stress Response: Neural and Feedback Regulation of the HPAAxis　Stress, Dopamine, and Puberty　Stress, the HPA Axis and Depressive Illness  .　Sympathetic Noradrenergic and AdrenomeduUary Hormonal Systems in Stress and Distress　Sympathoadrenal System: Neural Arm of the Stress Response.　Thermoregulation: Autonomic, Age-Related Changes　Thyroid Hormone and Transcriptional Regulation in the CNS.　TIP39 (Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 Residues)　Vasopressin/Oxytocin and Receptors神經(jīng)免疫學　Autonomic Neuroimmunology　Cytokine Receptors in Glia　Glial Cells: T Cell Interactions　Immune Function During Sleep and Sleep Deprivation　Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease and Injury　Neural Repair and Regeneration: Inflammatory Mechanisms and Cytokines　PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections)　Sleep and Sleep States: Cytokines and Neuromodulation.　Stress, Cytokines and Depressive Illness　原書詞條中英對照表

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Stress activates the sympathoadrenomedullar systemas well as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.As a consequence of the latter, large amounts of cor-ticosteroid hormones are released from the adrenalglands. In addition to the stress-related release, thereis also a circadian rhythmicity in the circulating hor-mone levels.  Corticosteroid hormones - cortisol in hdmans andcorticosterone in most rodents - not only reach periph-eral organs but also pass the blood-brain barrier, thusentering the brain. Within the brain, corticosteroidhormones bind to discretely localized intracellularreceptors. Two receptors have been recognized: thehigh-affinity mineralocorticoid receptor （MR） and thelower affinity glucocorticoid receptor （GR）. In view ofthe receptor affinities and circulating hormone levels, itis generally thought that in brain under rest, mainlyMRs are activated. These are primarily localized inlimbic regions, such as the hippocampus, lateral sep-tum, and central amygdala, and in motor nuclei in thebrain stem. During stress and at the circadian peak, GRsalso become substantially activated, next to MRs. TheGRs are much more ubiquitously distributed in brain.  Activated corticosteroid receptors translocate tothe nucleus where they modulate the transcriptionof responsive genes. This means that corticosterone,through its gene-mediated actions, exerts a slow butpersistent control over the cellular protein content,including molecules that are involved in cellular ex-citability and synaptic transmission. In addition tothese slow actions, corticosteroid hormones can alsoaffect neurotransmission through rapid, nongenomicpathways, but these are not considered here.   During the past decade, the effects of selective MRand GR activation on electrical properties of neuronshave been mainly examined in the CA1 region of thehippocampus, where both receptors are co-localized. Itwas observed that MR and GR often induce oppositeeffects on a given parameter, resulting in biphasic effectsof adrenal steroid hormones on neuronal properties.

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