社會研究方法

前言

　　中國心理學有一個很早的開端，卻只有不長的歷史。從1900年京師大學堂開設“心理學概論”課程，1917年北京大學成立中國第一個科學心理學實驗室，到隨后清華大學、杭州大學等一批學校成立心理學系說起來有一個多世紀了。但由于20世紀戰(zhàn)爭與和平的較量以及文化意識形態(tài)領域里的跌宕起伏，相當多的時間被耽誤了，學科發(fā)展被拖了后腿，算起來。中國心理學界真正能夠用心做學問的時間不過半個世紀。　　中國心理學有一個不錯的開端，卻有坎坷的歷程。早在1908～1910年、1912-1913年，蔡元培先生兩度在德國游學。兩度選修了馮特的“實驗心理學”課程。這對他后來極力推動北京大學心理學的發(fā)展起了很大的作用。更有20世紀20～30年代，唐鉞、孫國華、陳立、潘菽、曹日昌、朱智賢、周先庚等一批學者在美國哈佛、斯坦福、康奈爾、芝加哥等著名大學留學　歸來，投入國內(nèi)心理學建設。形成了北方、南方諸多學校心理學齊發(fā)展的格局。但由于經(jīng)費困難。后來的戰(zhàn)亂，20世紀50-60年代一些對心理學的不公正對待。中國心理學經(jīng)歷了“幾起幾落”。　　改革開放以來。中國心理學迎來了大發(fā)展的春天。教學和研究迅速普及。師資隊伍和學生規(guī)模始終呈高速度擴張態(tài)勢。在1980年。國內(nèi)只有北京大學、北京師范大學、華東師范大學和杭州大學4個學校設有心理學系，到20世紀90年代初中期增加到了約20余所學校，再到21世紀初這幾年增加到了100多所學校，發(fā)展速度可謂驚人。　　然而，高速發(fā)展也產(chǎn)生發(fā)展中的瓶頸。一方面，眾多學校建設心理學系，開展心理學教學和研究。同時國內(nèi)社會經(jīng)濟與文化的發(fā)展對心理學的需求越來越旺盛：另一方面，國內(nèi)心理學的總體水平相對西方發(fā)達國家還比較落后，教學研究隊伍并不強大。教學研究水平仍亟待提高。這種需求與供給、速度與質(zhì)量的矛盾不斷激化，要保證國內(nèi)心理學的健康發(fā)展，必須尋求一些有效的方法和途徑?！　　拔鲗W東漸”、“洋為中用”是可以推薦的諸多方法之一。

內(nèi)容概要

威廉·勞倫斯·紐曼的《社會研究方法》（Social
ResearchMethods）是一部概述社會科學研究方法的經(jīng)典之作。近20年來，在美國、英國、加拿大、澳大利亞、新加坡、中國臺灣、中國
香港等國家和地區(qū)的高校內(nèi)被廣泛選作教材，本書是其最新修訂的第6版的英文版。該書對定性研究和定量研究進行了全面而均衡的論述，強調(diào)了將各種方法綜合運用的益處。書中收錄了大量真實社會研究案例，從而幫助學生和讀者形象地理解和掌握概念和方法。
全書分5編共16章，分別介紹了理論與方法的關系，方法論的含義，文獻檢索與學術倫理，定量與定性研究的設計、測量與取樣，實驗研究，調(diào)查研究，非反應式研究、田野研究、歷史比較研究，以及如何撰寫研究報告等。
本書可作為我國高等院校經(jīng)濟學、管理學、心理學、政治學、法學、社會學、教育學以及傳播學等社會科學專業(yè)本科研究方法雙語教學課適用教材，也可供專業(yè)研究人員參考。Q

書籍目錄

Preface
PART ONE Foundations
CHAPTER 1 Science and Research
Alternatives to Social Research
How Science Works
Quantitative and Qualitative
Social Research
Steps in the Research Process
Why Conduct Social Research?
Conclusion
CHAPTER 2 Dimensions of Research
Dimensions of Research
Conclusion
CHAPTER 3 Theory and Research
What Is Theory?
Social Theory versus Ideology
The Parts of Social Theory
Aspects of Theory
The Dynamic Duo
Conclusion
CHAPTER 4 The Meanings of Methodology
The Three Approaches
Positivist Social Science
Interpretive Social Science
Critical Social Science
Feminist and Postmodern Research
Conclusion
CHAPTER 5 The Literature Review and Ethical Concerns
The Literature Review
Ethics in Social Research
Conclusion
PART TWO Planning and Preparation
PART THREE Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis
PART Four Qualitative Data Collection and nalysis
PART FIVE Communication With Others
Appendixes

章節(jié)摘錄

　　An explanatory critique has practical, moral, and political implications in itself, because it can differ from the prevailing beliefs. The explanation simultaneously explains (or tells why events occur) and critiques (or points out discrepancies, reveals myths,or identifies contradictions).　　The rendering of social conditions in an explanatory critique often will enlighten and help to emancipate people. As the explanation reveals aspects of reality beyond the surface level, people are awakened to the underlying structures of society. As it reveals deep causal mechanisms, people learn how to change those structures. In this way, the explanations are critiques that show a pathway for taking action and achieving change.　　7. How does one determine whether an explanation is true or false ?　　PSS deduces hypotheses, tests hypotheses with replicated observations, and then combines results to confirm causal laws. ISS asks whether the meaning system d rules of behavior make sense: to those being studied. CSS tests theory by accurately describing conditions generated by underlying structures and then by applying that knowledge to change social relations. A CSS theory teaches people about their own experiences, helps them understand their historical role, and can be used to improve conditions.　　CSS theory informs practical action and is modified on the basis of its use. A CSS theory grows and interacts with the world it seeks to explain. Because CSS tries to explain and change the world by penetrating hidden structures that are in flux, the test of an explanation is not static. Testing theory is a dynamic,ongoing process of applying theory and modifying it.Knowledge grows by an ongoing process of eroding ignorance and enlarging insights through action.　　CSS separates good from bad theory by putting the theory into practice and uses the outcome of these applications to reformulate theory. Praxis means that explanations are valued when they help people understand the world and to take action that changes it. As Sayer (1992:13) argued, "Knowledge is primarily gained through activity both in attempting to change our environment (through labor or work) and through interaction with other people."　　Critical praxis eliminates the division between the researcher and those being researched, the distinction between science and everyday life. For example, a critical researcher develops an explanation for housing discrimination. He or she tests the explanation by using it to try to change conditions. If the explanation says that underlying economic relations cause discrimination and that landlords refuse to rent to minorities because it is profitable to rent only to nonminorities, then political actions that make it profitable to rent to minorities should change the landlords behavior. By contrast, if the explanation says that an underlying racial hatred causes landlords to discriminate, then actions based on profit will be unsuccessful. The critical researcher would the examine race hatred as the basis of landlord behavior through new studies combined with new political action.　　8. What does good evidence or factual information look like ?　　PSS assumes that there are incontestable neutral facts on Which all rational people agree. Its dualist doctrine says that social facts are like objects.They exist separate from Values or theories. ISS sees the social world as made up of created meaning,with people creating and negotiating meanings. It rejects positivisms dualism, but it substitutes an emphasis on the subjective. Evidence is whatever resides in the subjective understandings of those involved. The critical approach bridges the objectsubject gap. It says that the facts of material condi-　　tions exist independent of subjective perceptions,but that facts are not theory neutral. Instead, facts require an interpretation from within a framework of values, theory, and meaning.

媒體關注與評論

　　方法論和方法學問題歷來是社會科學研究的關鍵問題，方法論的突破意味著相關學科領域研究深化。然而在我國，社會科學研究的方法學的發(fā)展與更新一直比較滯后，而且，我國大學的本科教育和研究生教育對學生研究方法訓練的系統(tǒng)性和前瞻性還存在明顯的不足。這其中的一個重要原因是有關社會科學研究方法方面的教材結構和內(nèi)容還存在著一些明顯的問題。選擇合適的教材是社會科學相關領域本科生和研究生訓練的首要步驟。從這個意義上講，我很樂意推薦W．L.Neuman教授所著的(社會研究方法——定性研究與定量研究》作為研究社會科學相關領域本科生或研究生學習研究方法的教材?？v觀這本教材，我認為它具有以下幾個方面的特點……　　正是因為這些方面的特點，這本教材自從出版以來已經(jīng)連續(xù)再版6次，深受學習者的歡迎。我希望大家在閱讀此書之后，有不同于過去的嶄新的感悟?！　　本煼洞髮W發(fā)展心理研究所教授 辛濤

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