人類學(xué)

內(nèi)容概要

講壇耕耘四十載，精髓濃縮十余回。讀者手中的這本《人類學(xué)》經(jīng)典雙語教材由北美資深人類學(xué)家科塔克教授編撰完成。它不僅是作者近四十年學(xué)術(shù)累積的碩果，更是在不斷的版本更新中獲得化蛹為蝶的力量，堪稱北美人類學(xué)教材中的典范?！　∥幕貋硪哉Z言為其重要載體，直接的英文閱讀所帶來的思維轉(zhuǎn)換與意義提升是我們多年來不斷追尋的目標，這里我們依然希望讀者能夠在這本融知識、信息及語言魅力于一體的典范教材中獲得思想的進一步提升。　　請在跨語境的閱讀中跟隨我們共享人類的文化之旅！

作者簡介

康拉德•菲利普•科塔克教授（Conrad Phillip Kottak），1966年獲哥倫比亞大學(xué)人類學(xué)博士學(xué)位，現(xiàn)為美國密歇根大學(xué)人類學(xué)系教授。自1968年開始在密歇根大學(xué)人類學(xué)系任教以來，科塔克教授在人類學(xué)教學(xué)及研究方面成果頗豐、1991年榮獲密歇根大學(xué)榮譽教師稱號，19

書籍目錄

第一部分　人類學(xué)的領(lǐng)域　第1章　什么是人類學(xué)？　第2章　應(yīng)用人類學(xué)第二部分　體質(zhì)人類學(xué)與考古學(xué)　第3章　倫理規(guī)范與研究方法　第4章　進化與遺傳學(xué)　第5章　人類的變化及適應(yīng)　第6章　靈長類動物　第7章　靈長類動物的進化　第8章　早期人猿　第9章　人屬　第10章　早期的農(nóng)人　第11章　早期的城市與國家第三部分　文化多樣性　第12章　文化人類學(xué)研究方法　第13章　文化　第14章　族性與種族　第15章　語言與交際　第16章　生活方式　第17章　政治系統(tǒng)　第18章　家庭、親屬制度與繼嗣　第19章　婚姻　第20章　性別　第21章　宗教　第22章　藝術(shù)第四部分　變化中的世界　第23章　現(xiàn)代世界體系　第24章　殖民主義與發(fā)展　第25章　文化變革與生存  附錄1：人類學(xué)理論史  附錄2：倫理規(guī)范與人類學(xué)

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Neandertals were first discovered in Western Europe. The first one was found in 1856 in a Ger- man valley called Neander Valley-tal is the Ger- man word "for a valley. Scientists had trouble interpreting the discovery. It was clearly human and similar to modern Europeans in many ways, yet different enough to be considered strange and abnormal. This was, after all, 35 years before Dubois discovered the first H. erectus fossils inJava and almost 70 years before the first australo-pithecine was found in South Africa. DarwinsOn the Origin of Species, published in 1859, hadnot yet appeared to offer a theory of evolutionthrough natural selection. There was no frame-work for understanding human evolution. Overtime, the fossil record filled in, along with evolu-tionary theory. There have been numerous subse-quent discoveries of Neandertals in Europe andthe Middle East and of archaic human fossilswith similar features in Africa and Asia. The sim-ilarities and differences between Neandertalsand other relatively recent hominins have becomeclearer. Fossils that are not Neandertals but that havesimilar features （such as large faces and browridges） have been found in Africa and Asia. TheKabwe skull from Zambia （130,000 B.P.）, shownin the photo below, is an archaic H. sapiens with aNeandertal-like brow ridge. Archaic Chinesefossils with Neandertal-like features have beenfound at Maba and Dali. Neandertals have beenfound in Central Europe and the Middle East. Forexample, Neandertal fossils found at the Shanidarcave in northern Iraq date to around 60,000 B.P., asdoes a Neandertal skeleton found at IsraelsKebara cave （Shreeve 1992）. At the Israeli site ofTabun on Mount Carmel, a Neandertal femaleskeleton was excavated in 1932. She was a contem-porary of the Shanidar Neandertals, and her browridges, face, and teeth show typical Neandertalrobustness.By 75,000 B.P., after an interglacial interlude, West-ern Europes hominins （Neandertals, by then）again faced extreme cold as the W/inn glacialbegan. To deal with this environment, they woreclothes, made more elaborate tools, and huntedreindeer, mammoths, and woolly rhinos. The Neandertals were stocky, with largetrunks relative to limb length:a phenotype thatminimizes surface area and thus conserves heat.Another adaptation to extreme cold was theNeandertal face, which has been likened to a H.erectus face that has been pulled forward by thenose. Illustrating Thomsons rule （see Chapter 5）,this extension increased the distance betweenoutside air and the arteries that carry blood to thebrain and was adaptive in a cold climate. Thebrain is sensitive to temperature changes andmust be kept warm. The massive nasal cavities ofNeandertal fossils suggest long, broad noses.This would expand the area for warming andmoistening air. Neandertal characteristics also include hugefront teeth, broad faces, and large brow ridges,and ruggedness of the skeleton and musculature.What activities were associated with theseanatomical traits? Neandertal teeth probably didmany jobs later done by tools （Brace 1995; Rak1986）. The front teeth show heavy wear, suggest-ing that they were used for varied purposes,including chewing animal hides to make softwinter clothing out of them. The massive Nean-dertal face showed the stresses of constantlyusing the front teeth for holding and pulling. Comparison of early and later Neandertalsshows a trend toward reduction of their robust fea-tures. Neandertal technology, a Middle Paleolithictradition called Mousterian, improved consider-ably during the Wtirm glacial. Tools assumedmany burdens formerly placed on the

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