美國(guó)對(duì)外政策的政治學(xué)文獻(xiàn)選讀

前言

　　The purpose of this anthology， or collection of readings， is to provide students with information and knowledge that allows them to arrive at a strong understanding of the complex politics of U.S. foreign policy. The composition of this anthology is such that it can be used to accompany a textbook， replace a textbook entirely， or be used in conjunction with other books， as the instructor sees fit. Although the book is intended primarily for an undergraduate audience， the collection of readings is also suitable for graduate courses. A great deal of thought has gone into constructing this anthology based on the following ideas.　　First， the anthology provides a large selection of readings. The intent is to include readings that provide comprehensive coverage of U.S. foreign policymaking and which maximizes choices for the instructor. The readings are basically organized into two major parts： first， beginning with the president， the focus is on governmental institutions and the policymaking process; this is followed by a focus on how the larger society and domestic politics affect the government and foreign policy process. I make no presumption that all of the readings are to be used. In fact， I assume that each instructor might use only a part of the whole， organized in the way each instructor deems best. This is the intent of a large-sized and versatile volume— to accommodate the preferences and tastes of different instructors and courses.　　Second， the anthology provides a diverse and kaleidoscopic set of readings. In order to maximize student learning， it consists of a broad selection of material representing different genres of readings， thus providing different perspectives and interpretations from a variety of sources. Some of the readings are more scholarly (such as， in International Studies Quarterly or Presidential Studies Quarterly); others are more policy-oriented (such as， in Foreign Policy and World Policy Journal); others are more intellectual and journalistic in their orientation (such as， in The New Republic and The New York Times Magazine); and some are excerpts from original government documents (such as the National Security Act of 1947 or the Curtiss-Wright Supreme Court decision). Some are longer; some are shorter. Some are classics; others are more contemporary pieces. A diverse mixture of readings maximizes the acquisition of information， knowledge， and understanding of the politics of U.S. foreign policy， and should stimulate interest and readability.　　Third， the anthology includes readings that evoke a strong sense of the politics involved in the making of U.S. foreign policy. Students need to have a feeling for and a comprehension of the politics involved in the foreign policy process， both within the government and throughout society. They need to learn who the players are and how they operate， interact， conflict， win， compromise， and lose. They need to understand the dynamics involved in the use of power， as well as the language of politics and the symbols invoked that make it such a political， complex， and messy process. The shorter， more intellectual and journalistic readings， in particular， provide such a perspective.

內(nèi)容概要

　　美國(guó)在世界上的巨大影響使美國(guó)的外交政策成為世人持續(xù)關(guān)注的一個(gè)焦點(diǎn)。美國(guó)外交政策到底是如何制定的?美國(guó)政府的哪些機(jī)構(gòu)和部門(mén)在外交決策過(guò)程中起主要作用?美國(guó)行政當(dāng)局和立法機(jī)構(gòu)之間的相互關(guān)系是如何影響美國(guó)的外交決策的?美國(guó)的價(jià)值觀、選舉、利益團(tuán)體和大眾媒體對(duì)美國(guó)外交決策到底有何影響?這些都是那些希望了解美國(guó)外交決策的入需要認(rèn)真思考的問(wèn)題?！　∮擅绹?guó)南卡羅萊納大學(xué)教授杰里爾?羅賽蒂(Jerel A．Rosati)主編的這本《美國(guó)對(duì)外政策的政治學(xué)文獻(xiàn)選讀》(Readings in the Politics of United States Foreign Policy)收集了關(guān)于美國(guó)外交決策的論文和文章數(shù)十篇，這些文章從外交決策過(guò)程到外交決策機(jī)構(gòu)，從行政當(dāng)局在外交決策中的地位和作用到立法機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)外交決策的牽制和影響，從美國(guó)社會(huì)中不同團(tuán)體的價(jià)值取向?qū)ν饨粵Q策的規(guī)范到不同利益團(tuán)體的政治運(yùn)作對(duì)外交決策的沖擊，洋洋灑灑，數(shù)十萬(wàn)言，對(duì)美國(guó)外交決策進(jìn)行了全面的介紹和分析。　　該書(shū)共分兩個(gè)主要部分：政府與外交政策制定過(guò)程和美國(guó)社會(huì)、國(guó)內(nèi)政治對(duì)外交決策的影響。第一部分收入的文章涉及總統(tǒng)、國(guó)家安全委員會(huì)和主要外交決策人、外交機(jī)構(gòu)、立法機(jī)構(gòu)以及立法機(jī)構(gòu)和行政當(dāng)局之間的關(guān)系。第二部分收入的文章主要涉及美國(guó)公眾的信仰、選舉和利益團(tuán)體政治、大眾媒體等因素對(duì)外交決策的影響?！　∮捎诿绹?guó)外交決策備受關(guān)注，介紹和分析美國(guó)外交決策的文章和書(shū)籍多如牛毛。盡管如此，縱觀該書(shū)，我們?nèi)钥梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：(1)系統(tǒng)全面；(2)多層次、多角度；(3)重點(diǎn)著墨于影響外交決策的政治因素；以及(4)通過(guò)兩個(gè)歷史案例說(shuō)明和強(qiáng)調(diào)美國(guó)外交決策中的政治因素?！　∈紫龋幷呤占奈恼卤容^系統(tǒng)、全面地介紹和分析了美國(guó)外交決策的各個(gè)方面，其中包括美國(guó)總統(tǒng)、行政當(dāng)局主要職能部門(mén)和國(guó)會(huì)在外交決策過(guò)程中的作用，總統(tǒng)、國(guó)會(huì)關(guān)系和憲法對(duì)外交決策的影響，公眾輿論、選舉政治、利益團(tuán)體政治、大眾媒體對(duì)外交政策的影響等等。

書(shū)籍目錄

INTRODUCTION： POLICYMAKING Is POLITICS1.　Roger Hilsman　"Policy-Making Is Politics"PART ONE：　THE GOVERNMENT AND THE POLICYMAKING PROCESSTHE PRESIDENCY2.　Richard E. Neustadt　"Leader or Clerk?"3.　Fred I. Greenstein　"Ronald Reagan—Another Hidden-Hand Ike?"4.　Cecil V. Crabb and Kevin V. Mulcahy　"George Bushs Management Style and Operation Desert Storm"5.　Fred I. Greenstein　"The Two Leadership Styles of William Jefferson Clinton"THE NSC AND PRINCIPAL POLICYMAKERS6.　Kevin V. Mulcahy and Harold F. Kendrick　"The National Security Adviser： A Presidential Perspective"7.　Henry Kissinger　"Getting Organized"8.　Kevin V. Mulcahy　"The Secretary of State and the National Security Adviser： Foreign Policymaking in the Carter and Reagan Administrations"9.　Elaine Sciolino　"Christopher and Lake Vying for Control of Foreign Policy"10.　U.S.， National Security Act of 1947　"National Security Council"THE FOREIGN POLICY BUREAUCRACY11.　Duncan L. Clarke　"Why State Cant Lead"12.　David C.Jones　"Whats Wrong with Our Defense Establishment"13.　Gregg Easterbrook　"Operation Desert Shill14.　Martin Binkin　"The New Face of the American Military： The Volunteer Force and the Persian Gulf War"15.　Gregory L. Vistica　"Anchors Aweigh"16.　Jacob Heilbrunn　"The Old Boy at War"17.　Kenneth E. Sharpe　"The Real Cause of Irangate"18.　Marvin Ott　"Shaking up the CIA"19.　Ben Wildavsky　"Under the Gun (at the National Economic Council)"20.　U.S.， National Security Act of 1947　"Central Intelligence Agency"EXECUTIVE BRANCH POLICYMAKING21.　Jerel A. Rosati　"The Policymaking Process"22.　Mark Hosenball　"The Odd Couple： How George Bush Helped Create Saddam Hussein"CONGRESS， LEGISLATIVE-EXECUTIVE RELATIONS， AND THE CONSTITUTION23.　George Szamuely　"The Imperial Congress"24.　Arthur Schlesinger， Jr.　"The Imperial Temptation"25.　Michael J. Glennon　"The Gulf War and the Constitution"26.　Pamela Fessler　"CongressRecord on Saddam： Decade of Talk， Not Action"27.　Eric Alterman　"Ron Dellums： Radical Insider"28.　Dick Kirschten　"Wheres the Bite (in Jesse Helms)?"29.　L. Gordon Crovitz　"Crime， the Constitution， and the Iran-Contra Affair"30.　John Canham-Clyne　"Business as Usual： Iran-Contra and the National Security State"31.　Michael H. Shuman　"Dateline Main Street： Local Foreign Policies"32.　U.S. Constitution　"The Legislative， Executive， and Judicial Branches"33.　U.S. Supreme Court　"United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation et al."34.　U.S. Supreme Court　"Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (Steel Seizure Case) "35.　U.S.　Tonkin Gulf Resolution36.　U.S.　War Powers Resolution of 197337.　U.S.　Persian Gulf ResolutionPART Two： THE SOCIETY AND DOMESTIC POLITICSTHE PUBLIC AND ITS BELIEFS38.　Ole R. Holsti and James N. Rosenau　"A Leadership Divided： The Foreign Policy Beliefs of American Leaders， 1976-1984"39.　Tami R. Davis and Sean M. Lynn-Jones　"Citty Upon a Hill"40.　Sidney Blumenthal　"The Return of the Repressed： Anti-Internationalism and the American Right"41.　U.S. President John F. Kennedy　"Inaugural Address"ELECTORAL AND GROUP POLITICS42.　Godfrey Hodgson　"The Establishment"43.　Joe Conason　"The Iraq Lobby"44.　John B. Judis　"The Contract with K Street"45.　Chung-in Moon　"Complex Interdependence and Transnational Lobbying： South Korea in the United States"46.　Clifford T. Honicker　"The Hidden Files： Americas Radiation Victims"47.　Keith Schneider　"Idaho Says No"48.　Morton H. Halperin and Jeanne M. Woods　"Ending the Cold War at Home"49.　U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower　"Farewell Address"THE MEDIA AND THE COMMUNICATIONS PROCESS50.　Shanto lyengar and Donald R. Kinder　"News That Matters"51.　Daniel C. Hallin　"The Media， the War in Vietnam， and Political Support： A Critique of the Thesis of an Oppositional Media"52.　Marie Gottschalk　"Operation Desert Cloud： The Media and the Gulf War"53.　Tom Rosenstiel　"The Myth of CNN"54.　Thomas Byrne Edsall　"Americas Sweetheart—Rush Limbaugh"CONCLUSION： THE FUTURE OF AMERICAN POWER AND THE POLITICS OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY55.　Paul Kennedy　"The (Relative) Decline of America"56.　Joseph S. Nye， Jr.　"The Misleading Metaphor of Decline"57.　Jerel A. Rosati　"The Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy Revisited"Credits

章節(jié)摘錄

　　A continuation of this trend, alarmed voices have pointed out, would push the U.S. national debt to around $13 trillion by the year 2000 (fourteen times the debt in 1980) and the interest payments on the debt to $1.5 trillion (twenty-nine times the 1980 payments). In fact a lowering of interest rates could make those estimates too high, but the overall trend is still very unhealthy. Even if federal deficits could be reduced to a "mere" $100 billion annually, the compounding of national debt and interest payments by the early twenty-first century would still cause unprecedented sums of money to be diverted in that direction. The only historical examples that come to mind of Great Powers so increasing their indebtedness in peacetime are France in the 1780s, where the fiscal crisis finally led to revolution, and Russia early in this century.　　Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how the American economy could have got by without the inflow of foreign funds in the early 1980s, even if that had the awkward consequence of inflating the dollar and thereby further hurting U.S. agricultural and manufacturing exports. But, one wonders, what might happen if those funds are pulled out of the dollar, causing its value to drop precipitously?　　Some say that alarmist voices are exaggerating the gravity of what is happening to the U.S. economy and failing to note the "naturalness" of most of these developments. For example, the midwestern farm belt would be much less badly off if so many farmers had not bought land at inflated prices and excessive interest rates in the late 1970s. The move from manufacturing into services is understandable, and is occurring in all advanced countries. And U.S. manufacturing output has been rising in absolute terms, even if employment (especially blue-collar employment) in manufacturing has been falling—but that too is a "natural" trend, as the world increasingly moves from material-based to knowledge-based production. Similarly, there is nothing wrong in the metamorphosis of American financial institutions into world financial institutions, with bases in Tokyo and London as well as New York, to handle (and profit from) the heavy flow of capital; that can only increase the nations earnings from services. Even the large annual federal deficits and the mounting national debt are sometimes described as being not very serious, after allowance is made for inflation; and there exists in some quarters a belief that the economy will "grow its way out" of these deficits, or that government measures will close the gap, whether by increasing taxes or cutting spending or both. A too hasty attempt to slash the deficit, it is pointed out, could well trigger a major recession.

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