語言共性和語言類型

內(nèi)容概要

本書是當代語言類型學(xué)的第一部綜合性導(dǎo)論著作，被廣泛用作該學(xué)科的教科書，對當代語言類型學(xué)的發(fā)展起了極大的推動作用。本書區(qū)別于一般導(dǎo)論教科書的特點是并非面面俱到，而是對某些有趣的論題作較為深入的探討，因此可讀性比較強，并可以從中學(xué)到更多實質(zhì)性的分析和研究思路。此外，由于本書舉例豐富，也可以增強我國讀者對語言多樣性的認識，大大開闊視野。

書籍目錄

導(dǎo)讀Preface to the second edtionPreface to thefirst editionPrefacetOthe secondprinting1 LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS　1.1　APPROACHES TO LANGUAGE UNIVERSALs　　1.1.1 Ttoo major approaches 　 1.1.2 The data base　  1.1.3 Dqrees ofabstracmtss  1.2　CLAUIFICATION OF LANGUAGg UNIVERSALS　  1.2.1  Formal and substantive universals　  1.2.2  Implicational and non-implicational universals　  1.2.3  Absolute universals and tendencies  1.3　EXPLANATIONS FOR LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS　  1.3.1  Commongenetic origin　  1.3.2  External explanations  1.4　SUMMARY　Notes and references2　LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY  2.1 TYPOLOGY AND UNIVERSALS  2.2 TYlPIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS  2.3　MOP.PHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY  2.4　SOME FURTHER TYPOLOGICAL PARAMETERS Notes and references3　THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES  3.1　SEMANTIC ROLES  3.2 PRAGMATIC ROLES  3.3　GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS  3.4　MORPHOLOGICAL CASES  3.5　ILLUSTRATION：ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN　CLAUSE STRUCTURE　Notes and references4　WORD ORDER  4.1　WORD ORDBR PARAMETERS  4.2　CORRELATIONS AMONG WORD ORDER PARAMETErs 　 4.2.1  Greenberg’s correlations 　 4.2.2  Generalizations of Greenberg's results 　 4.2.3  Critique ofthegeneralizations  4.3 THE VALUE OF WORD ORDER TYPOLOGY　Notes and references5　SUBJECT  5.1 THE PROBLEM  5.2　ON DEFINITIONS AND CATBGPRIES  5.3　ERGATIVITY  5.4　SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC FACTORS　Notes and references6　CASE MARKING  6.1 THE DISCRIMINATORY FUNCTION OF CASES  6.2  NATURAL INFORMATION FLOW IN THE　TRANSITIVE CONSTRUCTION 　 6.2.1 lnverseforms  　6.2.2 Differential marking of A and P  6.3　SUMMARY　Notes and references7　RELATIVE CLAUSES8  CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS9  ANIMACY10  TYPOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS11  CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS

章節(jié)摘錄

　　After a period when the frontiers of linguistic research seemed to be concerned primarily with the analysis of English syntax, the last decade has seen a remarkable upsurge of interest in problems of language universals and linguistic typology using data from a wide range of languages. Despite the vast amount of work that has been carried out within this framework, there has been, to date, no general introductory work that has attempted to synthesize the main characteristics of this approach for the student of linguistics, who has had to turn almost from the very beginning to specialist literature on individual topics in article form. This book aims to fill this gap, to provide the advanced undergraduate and graduate student with an overview of the major current approaches to language universals and typology, with illustrations of the successes of this method - and also warnings about some of the dangers.　　In a field where so much literature has arisen in a relatively short period, this book is necessarily very selective in the range of topics chosen, with preference for going into certain topics in depth rather than giving a superficial overview of the whole field. I have also restricted coverage, for the most part, to recent work on universals and typology, rather than try to give a historical account of earlier work in this area, although earlier work is mentioned, especially to the extent that it has not been subsumed by more recent research. Some of the selectivity necessarily reflects my own biases, towards those areas where I have worked myself or where I feel the most exciting results have been forthcoming. The book is concerned almost entirely with syntactic semantic universals, although on occasion phonological universals are also used as illustrative material. I believe that critical discussion of work in a few areas is more valuable than an unanimated listing, however comprehensive, of claims that have been made about universals and typology.

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　　《語言共性和語言類型》是當代語言類型學(xué)的第一部綜合性導(dǎo)論著作，被廣泛用作該學(xué)科的教科書，對當代語言類型學(xué)的發(fā)展起了極大的推動作用。

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