層序地層學(xué)原理

前言

　　為了及時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外油氣勘探開發(fā)新理論、新技術(shù)和新工藝，推動(dòng)中國(guó)石油上游業(yè)務(wù)技術(shù)進(jìn)步，本著先進(jìn)、實(shí)用、有效的原則，勘探與生產(chǎn)分公司和石油工業(yè)出版社組織多方力量，對(duì)國(guó)外著名出版社和知名學(xué)者最新出版的、代表最先進(jìn)理論和技術(shù)水平的著作進(jìn)行了引進(jìn)，并翻譯和出版?！　?001年起，在跟蹤國(guó)外油氣勘探、開發(fā)最新理論新技術(shù)發(fā)展和最新出版動(dòng)態(tài)基礎(chǔ)上，從生產(chǎn)需求出發(fā)，通過優(yōu)中選優(yōu)已經(jīng)翻譯出版了五期28本專著。在這套系列叢書中，有些代表了某一專業(yè)的最先進(jìn)理論和技術(shù)水平，有些非常具有實(shí)用性，也是生產(chǎn)中所亟需。這些譯著發(fā)行后，得到了企業(yè)和科研院校廣大生產(chǎn)管理、科技人員的歡迎，并在實(shí)用中發(fā)揮了重要作用，達(dá)到了促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)、更新知識(shí)、提高業(yè)務(wù)水平的目的。該套系列叢書也獲得了我國(guó)出版界的認(rèn)可。2002年叢書第2輯整體獲得了中國(guó)出版工作者協(xié)會(huì)頒發(fā)的“引進(jìn)版科技類優(yōu)秀圖書獎(jiǎng)”，2006年叢書第4輯的《井噴與井控手冊(cè)》再次獲得了中國(guó)出版工作者協(xié)會(huì)的“引進(jìn)版科技類優(yōu)秀圖書獎(jiǎng)”，產(chǎn)生了很好的社會(huì)效益?！　〗衲暝谇拔迤诔霭娴幕A(chǔ)上，經(jīng)過多次調(diào)研、篩選，又推選出了國(guó)外最新出版的6本專著，即《螺桿泵與井下螺桿鉆具》、《氣井排水采氣》、《鉆井和修井作業(yè)實(shí)用公式與計(jì)算手冊(cè)（第二版）》、《未來能源》、《油藏工程手冊(cè)》、《層序地層學(xué)原理》，以饗讀者。其中《油藏工程手冊(cè)》、《層序地層學(xué)原理》以原版影印版的方式引進(jìn)出版，以滿足廣大讀者希望能夠看到原汁原味的外文書的期望，這也順應(yīng)了國(guó)內(nèi)石油行業(yè)廣大員工外語水平普遍提高的趨勢(shì)?！　≡诒咎讌矔囊M(jìn)、翻譯和出版過程中，勘探與生產(chǎn)分公司和石油工業(yè)出版社組織了一批著名專家、教授和有豐富實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的工程技術(shù)人員擔(dān)任翻譯和審校人員，使得該套叢書能以較高的質(zhì)量和效率翻譯出版，并和廣大讀者見面?！　∠Ｍ撎讌矔谙嚓P(guān)企業(yè)、科研單位、院校的生產(chǎn)和科研中發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用。

內(nèi)容概要

本書在回顧層序地層學(xué)發(fā)展歷史的基礎(chǔ)上，敘述了層序地層學(xué)的分析方法，介紹了岸線遷移和層序界面，主要研究了體系域及其特征，論述了層序地層學(xué)模式，并討論了地層界面的時(shí)間屬性問題。　　本書可供從事地質(zhì)、地球物理勘探的科技工作者及油藏工程師使用，也可作為大專院校相關(guān)專業(yè)的教學(xué)參考書。

書籍目錄

1. Introduction　SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY——AN OVERVIEW 　　Sequence Stratigraphy in the Context of　　Interdisciplinary Research 　　Sequence Stratigraphy——A Revolution in Sedimentary　　Geology 　HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY 　　Early Developments 　　Sequence Stratigraphy Era——Eustatic vs. Tectonic　　Controls on Sedimentation 　　Sequence Models 　SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH 　　Terminology 　　Concept of Scale 　　Sequence Stratigraphy vs. Lithostratigraphy and　　Allostratigraphy 2. Methods of Sequence Stratigraphic　Analysis　INTRODUCTION 　FACIES ANALYSIS: OUTCROPS, CORE, AND MODERN ANALOGUES 　　Concepts of Depositional System, Facies, and Facies Models 　　Classification of Depositional Environments 　　Walther's Law 　　Sedimentary Petrography 　　Paleocurrent Directions 　　Pedology 　　Ichnology 　　　General Principles 　　　Ichnofacies Classification 　　　Softground.related Ichnofacies 　　　Substrate-controlled Ichnofacies 　　　Discussion 　WELL LOGS 　　Introduction 　　Well Logs: Geological Uncertainties 　　Constraining Well-log Interpretations 　SEISMIC DATA 　　Introduction 　　Physical Attributes of Seismic Data 　　Workflow of Seismic Data Analysis 　　Reconnaissance Studies 　　Interval Attribute Maps 　　Horizon Attribute Maps 　　3D Perspective Visualization 　AGE DETERMINATION TECHNIQUES 　WORKFLOW OF SEQUENCE STRAT1GRAPHIC　ANALYSIS 　　Step 1 Tectonic Setting (Type of Sedimentary Basin) 　　Step 2——Paleodepositional Environments 　　Step 3——Sequence Stratigraphic Framework 　　　Stratal Terminations 　　　Stratigraphic Surfaces 　　　Systems Tracts and Sequences 3. Accommodation and Shoreline Shifts　INTRODUCTION 　ALLOGENIC CQNTROLS ON　SEDIMENTATION 　　Significance of Allogenic Controls 　　Signatures of Allogenic Controls 　　Relative Importance of Allogenic Controls 　SEDIMENT SUPPLY AND ENERGY FLUX 　　Sediment Supply 　　Sediment Supply vs. Environmental Energy Flux 　SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION 　　Definitions——Accommodatipn, Base Level, and Fluvial　　Graded Profiles 　　Proxies for Base Level and Accommodation 　……4. Stratigraphic Surfaces 5. Systems Tracts6. Sequence Models7. Time Attributes of Stratigraphic8. Hierarchy of Sequences and9. Discussion and Conclusions

章節(jié)摘錄

　　method for analyzing seismic-reflection data stimu-lated a revolution in stratigraphy, with an impact onthe geological community as important as the intro-duction of the flow regime concept in the late 1950s——early 1960s and the plate tectonics theory in the 1960s（Miall, 1995）. The concepts of seismic stratigraphywere published together with a global sea-level cyclechart （Vail et al., 1977）, based on the underlyingassumption that eustasy is the main driving forcebehind sequence formation at all levels of stratigraphiccyclicity. Seismic stratigraphy and the global cyclechart were thus introduced to the geological commu-nity as a seemingly inseparable package of new strati-graphic methodology. These ideas were then passed onto sequence stratigraphy in its early years, as seismicstratigraphy evolved into sequence stratigraphy withthe　incorporation　of　outcrop　and　well　data（Posamentier et al., 1988; Posamentier and Vail, 1988;Van Wagoner et al., 1990）. Subsequent pubhcations（e.g., Hunt and Tucker, 1992; Posamentier and James,1993; Posamentier and Allen, 1999） shift the focusaway from eustasy and towards a blend of eustasy andtectonics, termed relative sea level. Nonetheless, theglobal-eustasy model as initially proposed （Vail et al.,1977） posed two challenges to the practitioners ofconventional stratigraphy: that sequence stratigraphy,as linked to the global cycle chart, constitutes a superiorstandard of geological time to that assembled fromconventional chronostratigraphic evidence, and thatstratigraphic processes are dominated by the effects ofeustasy to the exclusion of other allogenic mechanisms,including tectonisrn （Miall and Miall, 2001）. Althoughthe global cycle chart is now under intense scrutiny andcriticism （e.g., Miall, 1992）, the global-eustasy model isstill used for sequence stratigraphic analysis in somerecent publications （e.g., de Graciansky et al., 1998）.　 In parallel to the eustasy-driven sequence stratigra-phy which held by far the largest share of the market,other researchers went to the opposite end of the spec-trum by suggesting a methodology that favored tecton-ism as the main driver of stratigraphic cyclicity. Thisversion of sequence stratigraphy was introduced astectonostratigraphy （e.g., Winter, 1984）. The majorweakness of both schools of thought is that a prioriinterpretation of the main allogenic control on accom-modation was automatically attached to any sequencedelineation, which gave the impression that sequencestratigraphy is more of an interpretation artifact thanan empirical, data-based method. This a priori interpre-tation facet of sequence stratigraphy attracted consider-able criticism and placed an unwanted shade on amethod that otherwise represents a truly importantadvance in the science of sedimentary geology. Fixing thedamaged image of sequence stratigraphy onlyrequires the basic understanding that base-levelchanges can be controlled by any combination ofeustatic and tectonic forces, and that the dominance ofany of these allogenic mechanisms should be assessedon a case by case basis. It became dear that sequencestratigraphy needed to be dissociated from the global-eustasy model, and that a more objective analysisshould be based on empirical evidence that can actu-ally be observed in outcrop or the subsurface. Thisrealization came from the Exxon research group, wherethe global cycle chart originated in the first place:Each stratal unit is defined and identified only byphysical relationships of the strata, including lateralcontinuity and geometry of the surfaces bounding theunits, vertical stacking patterns, and lateral geometryof the strata within the units. Thickness, time for forma-tion, and interpretation of regional or global origin arenot used to define stratal units..., [which]... can beidentified in well logs, cores, or outcrops and usedto construct a stratigraphic framework regardless oftheir interpreted relationship to changes in eustasy（Van Wagoner et al., 1990）.　 The switch in emphasis from sea-level changes torelative sea-level changes in the early 1990s （e.g., Huntand Tucker, 1992; Christie-Blick and Driscoll, 1995）marked a major and positive turnaround in sequencestratigraphy. By doing so, no interpretation of specificeustatic or tectonic fluctuations was forced uponsequences, systems tracts, or stratigraphic surfaces.Instead, the key surfaces, and implicitly the stratal unitsbetween them, are inferred to have formed in relationto a more neutral curve of relative sea-level （base-level） changes that can accommodate any balancebetween the allogenic controls on accommodation.

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