D膜

前言

In view of the exciting developments in our understanding of those partic-ular aspects of fundamental physics that string theory seems to capture,it seems appropriate to collect together some of the key tools and ideaswhich helped move things forward. The developments included a truerevolution, since the physical perspective changed so radically that it un-dermined the long-standing status of strings as the basic fundamentalobjects, and instead the idea has arisen that a string theory descriptionis simply a special (albeit rather novel and beautiful) corner of a largertheory called 'M-theory'. This book is not an attempt at a history of therevolution, as we are (arguably) still in the midst of it, especially since weare in the awkward position of not knowing even one satisfactory intrin-sic definition of M-theory, and have implicit knowledge of it only throughinterconnections of its various limits. All revolutions are supposed to have a collection of characters whoplayed a crucial role in it, 'heroes' if you will. Hence, one would be ex-pected to proceed to list here the names of various individuals. WhileI was lucky to be in a position to observe a lot of the activity at first handand collect many wonderful anecdotes about how some things came to be,I will decline to start listing names at this juncture. It is too easy to yieldto the temptation to emphasise a few personalities in a short space (suchas this preface), and the result can sometimes be at the expense of others,a practice which happens all too often elsewhere. This seems to me to beespecially inappropriate in a field where the most striking characteristicof the contributions has been the collective effort of hundreds of thinkersall over the planet, often linked by e-mail and the web, often never havingmet each other in person.

內(nèi)容概要

愛因斯坦的后半生一直致力于將引力理論，納入量子理論體系，但沒有成功。上世紀(jì)80年代，由于在弦理論研究方面取得的巨大成果，使研究者看到新的希望。這被稱為“第一次超弦革命”。1995年，弦理論研究迎來了第二次革命。其具有劃時代意義的發(fā)現(xiàn)是D-膜（brane）和M-理論。它為人類提供了探索強耦合超弦理論的強有力工具。后繼的研究表明，它也是人類理解諸如黑洞熱力學(xué)微觀機制、大N規(guī)范理論與引力理論之間全息對偶等深刻而未解難題的必由之路。    本書詳細介紹膜理論的方方面面。尤其對初學(xué)者，它是J.Polchinski同類專著（String Theory, 已由世圖引進）極好的補充。    本書是劍橋大學(xué)出版社出版的“數(shù)學(xué)物理”叢書之一。劍橋大學(xué)出版社出版的“數(shù)學(xué)物理”叢書，在國際上有崇高的聲望。此類圖書的引進，對國內(nèi)的研究者，以及研究生都有極大的幫助。

作者簡介

作者：（英國）約翰遜（Clifford.V.Johnson）

書籍目錄

List of inserts Preface 1 Overview and overture   1.1 The classical dynamics of geometry   1.2 Gravitons and photons   1.3 Beyond classical gravity: perturbative strings   1.4 Beyond perturbative strings: branes   1.5 The quantum dynamics of geometry   1.6 Things to do in the meantime   1.7 On with the show 2 Relativistic strings   2.1 Motion of classical point particles   2.2 Classical bosonic strings   2.3 Quantised bosonic strings   2.4 The sphere, the plane and the vertex operator   2.5 Chan-Paton factors   2.6 Unoriented strings   2.7 Strings in curved backgrounds   2.8 A quick look at geometry 3 A closer look at the world-sheet   3.1 Conformal invariance   3.2 Revisiting the relativistic string   3.3 Fixing the conformal gauge   3.4 The closed string partition function 4 Strings on circles and T-duality   4.1 Fields and strings on a circle   4.2 T-duality for closed strings   4.3 A special radius: enhanced gauge symmetry   4.4 The circle partition function   4.5 Toriodal compactifications   4.6 More on enhanced gauge symmetry   4.7 Another special radius: bosonisation   4.8 String theory on an orbifold   4.9 T-duality for open strings: D-branes   4.10 D-brane collective coordinates   4.11 T-duality for unoriented strings: orientifolds 5 Background fields and world-volume actions   5.1 T-duality in background fields   5.2 A first look at the D-brane world-volume action   5.3 The Dirac-Born-Infeld action   5.4 The action of T-duality   5.5 Non-Abelian extensions   5.6 D-branes and gauge theory   5.7 BPS lumps on the world-volume 6 D-brane tension and boundary states   6.1 The D-brane tension   6.2 The orientifold tension   6.3 The boundary state formalism 7 Supersymmetric strings   7.1 The three basic superstring theories   7.2 The two basic heterotic string theories   7.3 The ten dimensional supergravities   7.4 Heterotic toroidal compactifications   7.5 Superstring toroidal compactification   7.6 A superstring orbifold: discovering the K3 manifold 8 Supersymmetric strings and T-duality   8.1 T-duality of supersymmetric strings   8.2 D-branes as BPS solitons   8.3 The D-brane charge and tension   8.4 The orientifold charge and tension   8.5 Type I from type IIB, revisited   8.6 Dirac charge quantisation   8.7 D-branes in type I 9 World-volume curvature couplings   9.1 Tilted D-branes and branes within branes   9.2 Anomalous gauge couplings   9.3 Characteristic classes and invariant polynomials   9.4 Anomalous curvature couplings   9.5 A relation to anomalies   9.6 D-branes and K-theory   9.7 Further non-Abelian extensions   9.8 Further curvature couplings 10 The geometry of D-branes   10.1 A look at black holes in four dimensions   10.2 The geometry of D-branes   10.3 Probing p-brane geometry with Dp-branes   10.4 T-duality and supergravity solutions 11 Multiple D-branes and bound states   11.1 Dp and Dp from boundary conditions   11.2 The BPS bound for the Dp-Dp' system   11.3 Bound states of fundamental strings and D-strings   11.4 The three-string junction   11.5 Aspects of D-brane bound states 12 Strong coupling and string duality   12.1 Type IIB/type IIB duality   12.2 SO(32) Type I/heterotic' duality   12.3 Dual branes from 10D string-string duality   12.4 Type IIA/M-theory duality   12.5 Es x Es heterotic string/M-theory duality   12.6 M2-branes and M5-branes   12.7 U-duality 13 D-branes and geometry I   13.1 D-branes as probes of ALE spaces   13.2 Fractional D-branes and wrapped D-branes   13.3 Wrapped, fractional and stretched branes   13.4 D-branes as instantons   13.5 D-branes as monopoles   13.6 The D-brane dielectric effect 14 K3 orientifolds and compactification   14.1 ZN orientifolds and Chan-Paton factors   14.2 Loops and tadpoles for ALE ZM singularities   14.3 Solving the tadpole equations   14.4 Closed string spectra   14.5 Open string spectra   14.6 Anomalies for N=1 in six dimensions 15 D-branes and geometry II   15.1 Probing p with D(p-4)   15.2 Probing six-branes: Kaluza-Klein monopoles and M-theory   15.3 The moduli space of 3D supersymmetric gauge theory   15.4 Wrapped branes and the enhangon mechanism   15.5 The consistency of excision in supergravity   15.6 The moduli space of pure glue in 3D 16 Towards M- and F-theory   16.1 The type IIB string and F-theory   16.2 M-theory origins of F-theory   16.3 Matrix theory 17 D-branes and black holes   17.1 Black hole thermodynamics   17.2 The Euclidean action calculus   17.3 D=5 Reissner-NordstrSm black holes   17.4 Near horizon geometry   17.5 Replacing T4 with K3 18 D-branes, gravity and gauge theory   18.1 The AdS/CFT correspondence   18.2 The correspondence at finite temperature   18.3 The correspondence with a chemical potential   18.4 The holographic principle 19 The holographic renormalisation group   19.1 Renormalisation group flows from gravity   19.2 Flowing on the Coulomb branch   19.3 An N=1 gauge dual RG flow   19.4 An N=2 gauge dual RG flow and the enhangon   19.5 Beyond gravity duals 20 Taking stock References Index

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：A closer look at the world..sheetThe careful reader has patiently suspended disbelief for a while now，al-lowing US to race through a somewhat rough presentation of some of thehighlights of the construction of consistent relativistic strings.This en。abled US，by essentially stringing lots of oscillators together，to go quitefar in developing our intuition for how things work，and for key aspectsof the language.Without promising to suddenly become rigourous，it seems a good ideato revisit some of the things we went over quickly,in order to unpacksome more details of the operation of the theory.This will allow US todevelop more tools and language for later use，and to see a bit furtherinto the structure of the theory.3.1 Conformal invarianceWe saw in section 2.2.8 that the use ofthe symmetries ofthe action to fix a gauge left over an infinite dimensional group of transformations which we could still perform and remain in that gauge.These are conformal trans-formations，and the world-sheet theory is in fact conformally invariant.It is worth digressing a little and discussing conformal invariance in arbi-trary dimensions first，before specialising to the case of two dimensions.We will find a surprising reason to come back to conformal invariance in higher dimensions much later，so there is a point to this.

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