普通高等教育"十二五"規(guī)劃教材

內(nèi)容概要

《普通高等教育"十二五"規(guī)劃教材:核化工與核燃料工程基礎(chǔ)》是根據(jù)核化工與核燃料工程專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱編寫的，內(nèi)容分為兩大部分：第一部分為核化學(xué)與放射化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識，其中包括7個單元；第二部分為核化學(xué)工程與工藝，其中包括6個單元。13個單元的內(nèi)容涉及核物理、核化學(xué)、放射化學(xué)、核燃料循環(huán)、核化工等?！镀胀ǜ叩冉逃?十二五"規(guī)劃教材:核化工與核燃料工程基礎(chǔ)》供工科大學(xué)核化工與核燃料工程專業(yè)或相關(guān)專業(yè)三、四年級學(xué)生使用，也可供相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的科技人員使用。

書籍目錄

Contents Part Ⅰ Fundamentals of Nuclear Chemistry & Radiochemistry Unit 1 Origin of Nuclear Science Unit 2 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions Unit 4 Radiation and Materials Unit 5 Nuclear Fission Unit 6 Radiochemical Separation Techniques Part Ⅱ Nuclear Chemical Engineering and Technology Unit 8 Solvent Extraction of Metals Unit 9 Chemistry of Uranium Unit 11 Uranium —235 Isotope Separation Unit 12 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Unit 13 Radioactive Waste Management References

章節(jié)摘錄

版權(quán)頁：   插圖：   In the study of nuclear reactions, nuclear structure, and the heaviest elements, one frequently needs to chemically separate the nuclide（s） of interest from other radioactive species that are present.This is done by performing radiochemical separations that involve the conventional separation techniques of analytical chemistry adapted to the special needs of radiochemistry.For example, radiochemical purity is generally more important than chemical purity.When dealing with short—lived nuclides, speed may be more important than yield or purity.The high cost of radioactive waste disposal may require unusual waste minimization steps.As noted earlier, radiochenucal separations need not be quantitative.One only needs to know the yield.Because of the availability of modern high—resolution counting equipment, such as Ge γ—ray spectrometers, modern radiochemical separations frequently are designed only to reduce the level of radioactive impurities in the sample rather than producing a pure sample.The counting instrumentation is used to ""isolate"" the nuclide（s） of interest from other nuclides.Thus, modern procedures sometimes are similar to qualitative analysis schemes, breaking products into chemically similar groups and using instrumentation to further separate the group members.A recent review summarizes some newer developments of relevance to radiochemistry. 6.1 Precipitation The oldest, most well—established chenucal separation technique is precipitation.Because the amount of the radionuclide present may be very small, carriers are frequently used.The carrier is added in macroscopic quantities and ensures the radioactive species will be part of a kinetic and thermodynamic equilibrium system.Recovery of the carrier also serves as a measure of the yield of the separation.It is important that there is an isotopic exchange between the carrier and the radionuclide.There is the related phenomenon of co—precipitation wherein the radionuclide is incorporated into or adsorbed on the surface of a precipitate that does not involve an isotope of the radionuclide or isomorphously replaces one of the elements in the precipitate.Examples of this behavior are the sorption of radionuclides by Fe（ OH）30r the coprecipitation of the actinides with LaF3, Separation by precipitation is largely restricted to laboratory procedures and apart from the bismuth phosphate process used in World War II to purify Pu, has little commercial application. As a practical matter, precipitation is usually carried out in hot, dilute aqueous solutions to allow the slow formation of large crystals.The pH of the solution is chosen to minimize colloid formation.After precipitation, the precipitate is washed carefully to remove impurities, dissolved, and reprecipitated to cause further purification.The precipitate is collected by filtration （Fig.6.1）.

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