語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論

內(nèi)容概要

Linguistic science has developed very rapidly in the last few decades．Books on　this subject number in hundreds Courses in linguistic science are very common in olleges and universities in　China．Students of foreign languages and literature are now required to take a　variety of courses in linguistics.    Linguistic science has a great influence on foreign language teaching and　learning. No language teacher，especially no foreign language teacher，can escape linguistic theories and principles if he or she expects to do his or her teaching work effectively and on a scientific basis　　There are some excellent introductions to linguistics published in recent fifty years in China，but most of them are written in Chinese. Besides，they are mostly concerned with the Chinese language. Being students of English，they should have not only some common knowledge of general linguistics，but also some linguistic knowledge of their target language．which，I am sure，will help them a lot with their further students of English AN INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS is an attempt to meet the needs of Chinese students of English who wish to do their linguistic course work in their target language.

書籍目錄

Chapter OneLinguistice　1.Linguistics:Science of Language　2.Scope of Linguistics　3.Approaches to Language　4.Grammar　5.Schools of Linguistics　Exercise 1Chapter Two Language　1.Understanding of Language　2.Defining Features of Language　　2.1.Well-organized system of linguistic symbols　　2.2.Duality of structure　　2.3.Arbitrariness　　2.4.Productivity　　2.5.Displacement　　2.6.Transferability　　2.7.Cultural transmission　　2.8.Linearity　3.Language，Unique to Human Beings　4.Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance　5.Social Functions of Language　　5.1.Language，a communica tive means　　5.2.Language，the means for conceptual thinking and recognition of the world　　5.3.Language，the vehicle and transmitter of culture　6.Language and the Human Brain　　6.1.Structure of the human brain　　6.2.Functions of the brain　7.Conceptual Thinking of the Deaf-mute　8.Origin of Language　9.Animal Communication Systems　Eercise 2Chapter Three Phonatics:Sounds of Language　1.Phonetic Alphabet　2.English Consonants and Vowels　3.Study of Phonetics　4.Articulatory Phonetics　　4.1.Articulatory organs　　4.2.Discription of English consonants　　　（1）Place of Articulation　　?。?）Manner of articulation　5.Natrual Classes of Speech Sounds　Exercise 3Chapter Four Phonology:Sound Patterns of Language…　1.Phonemes:Phonological Units of Language　　1.1.Distinctive features　　1.2.Contrast in form and meaning　　1.3.Nondistinctive features　　1.4.Phones and allophones　　1.5.Complementary distribution　　1.6.Phonetic representation and phonemic representation　2.Suprasegmental Features　3.Sequences of Phonemes　　3.1.Constraints on sequences of phonemes　　　3.2.Syllables　　……Chapter Five Morphology:Structure of WordsChapter Six Syntax:Structrue of SentencesChapter Seven Semantics:Meaning of LanguageChapter Eight Pragmatics:Actual Use of Language in ContextChapter Nine Language AcquisitionChapter Ten Language and SocietyChapter Eleven Language，Thought and CultureChapter Twelve Historical-Comparative LinguisticsChapter Thirteen Language ChangeChapter Fourteen Writing SystemReference BooksGlossory

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Most of the languages mentioned above are livinglanguages, which are still spoken as a medium of communicationby the communities concerned. But there are some deadlanguages, which are no longer used as a general medium ofspoken communication, such as Cornish, a Celtic language akinto Breton. A language dies when no children learn it as theirmother tongue. This may come about in two ways: either all thespeakers of the language are annihilated by some tragic event,say, a volcanic eruption, a war, or more commonly, assimilationthat the speakers of the language are completely assimilated byanother community that speaks a different language. Thechildren, at first bilingual, grow up using the language of thedominant culture, and their children and childrens children, failto learn the old language, and so it dies. This is what hasbecome of many American Indian languages. It is also true of theeast branch of the subfamily of the Germanic languages. TheGermanic language had, at first, three branches 2,000 yearsago: the North Branch, the West branch and the East Branch.Latin is a dead language, because nobody speaks it as his mothertongue. With the disintegration of the Roman Empire, Latingradually became a number of dialects, which later developedinto indepnendent languages:　French,　ltalin,　Spanish,Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan and Provincal.　　From what we discussed above, though very briefly, we arenow clear that most of the European languages are geneticallyrelated, and a genealogical or historical classification can bemade accordingly. All the languages of the world can besimilarly classified. As we know, most of the world languagesdo not belong to the Indo-European Language Family, linguistshave also attempted to classify the non-European languagesaccording to their genetic relationships, so as to identify thelanguages that constitute a family and the relationships that existamong those languages. But this work is far from completed.

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