從語言到語用

前言

　　黃清貴先生在碩士研究生期間是我的學(xué)生，我對他頗為了解。他上進好學(xué)，勤于鉆研，雖長期身處一所地方本科院校，所需資料較為缺乏，前沿學(xué)術(shù)資訊的獲取也較為不便，但到底天道酬勤，2005年他終于獲取了前往美國紐約州立大學(xué)訪學(xué)的機會，系統(tǒng)地學(xué)習(xí)鉆研語言學(xué)知識和理論?！　∷嗄陙硪恢惫P耕不輟的精神著實令我感動，尤其是這三年多來，為了寫作此書，除了平時在工作之余投入大量的時間以外，他連續(xù)三個暑假和寒假的時間幾乎都在辦公室里度過。為此，當(dāng)他真誠地向我提出為其書作序的請求時，我欣然應(yīng)允。　　看得出來，《從語言到語用：理論與實踐》確實凝聚了他的辛勤汗水，也顯見其付出了獨立思考的努力。該書的章節(jié)編排乍看之下確有如作者所言“雜醬缸”之嫌，但聽了他詳細(xì)的解釋和他在前言部分的表述，頓覺他如此一番苦心孤詣的安排不無道理，該書對于普通本科院校高年級學(xué)生或其他具有同等知識水平的初學(xué)者來說確實是很值得一讀的。況且，該書也是學(xué)術(shù)含量較高的一本專著，特別是在第三部分的語用學(xué)章節(jié)里，他的不少觀點是頗有學(xué)術(shù)見地的，所舉例證不但豐富，而且典型、有趣，并能利用他扎實的日語功底，結(jié)合漢語和英語，在語用對比方面做了不少令人耳目一新的有益探索；第四部分收錄的他多年來的學(xué)術(shù)研究成果也顯然都是他獨立思考與探索的結(jié)果，與時下一些因耽于功利而未經(jīng)獨立思考急蹴而就的文章相比，可謂難能可貴，而且，從文章語言表達來看，也顯示出他扎實的漢語表達能力和功底，很少出現(xiàn)當(dāng)下并不鮮見的“歐化語言”現(xiàn)象，這也是值得大力提倡的做法。

內(nèi)容概要

　　該書是學(xué)術(shù)含量較高的一本專著，特別是在第三部分的語用學(xué)章節(jié)里，他的不少觀點是頗有學(xué)術(shù)見地的，所舉例證不但豐富，而且典型、有趣，并能利用他扎實的日語功底，結(jié)合漢語和英語，在語用對比方面做了不少令人耳目一新的有益探索；第四部分收錄的他多年來的學(xué)術(shù)研究成果也顯然都是他獨立思考與探索的結(jié)果，與時下一些因耽于功利而未經(jīng)獨立思考急蹴而就的文章相比，可謂難能可貴，而且，從文章語言表達來看，也顯示出他扎實的漢語表達能力和功底，很少出現(xiàn)當(dāng)下并不鮮見的“歐化語言”現(xiàn)象，這也是值得大力提倡的做法。

書籍目錄

序前言Part I LanguageChapter 1 Importance of Language/3l.1 Importance of Language/31.2 Functions of Language/4Chapter 2 Definition of Language and Its Classifications/112.1 Definition of Language/112.2 Classifications of Language/13Chapter 3 Properties of Language/193.1 Arbitrariness of Language/203.2 Duality of Language/253.3 Creativity of Language/273.4 Displacement of Language/28Part II LinguisticsChapter 1 A Brief Introduction to linguistics/331.1 Definition of Linguistics/341.2 A Brief History of Linguistics/35Chapter 2 Main Branches of Linguistics/402.1 Phonetics/402.2 Phonology/412.3 Morphology/422.4 Syntax/432.5 Semantics/462.6 Pragmatics/49Chapter 3 Macrolinguistics/513.1 Sociolinguistics/523.2 Psyeholinguisties/533.3 Anthropological Linguistics/543.4 Fuzzy Linguistics/553.5 Applied Linguistics/563.6 Computational Linguistics/57，Part Ⅲ PragmaticsChapter 1 A General View of Pragmatics/611.1 Wastebasket of Pragmatics/611.2 Context in Pragmatics/631.3 History and Definition of Pragmatics/691.4 Why the Necessity of Pragmatics Study? /72Chapter 2 Some Important Terms in Pragmatics/762.1 Proposition， Truth Conditions and Propositional Logic/762.2 Deixis and Reference/792.2.1 Deixis/792.2.2 Reference/862.3 Anaphora， Cataphora and Principle of Eeonomy/912.4 Presupposition/952.4.1 Presupposition and Entailment/962.4.2 Properties of Presupposition/982.4.3 Types of Presupposition/1022.5 Inference/1042.6 Salient Meaning/110Chapter 3 Speech Act/ll23.1 Introduction/1123.2 Constative and Performative/ll43.3 Explicit Performatives and Implicit Performatives/1153.4 IFIDs and Felicities/1163.5 Locutionary， Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts/1233.6 Speech Act Classification/1243.6.1 Austins Classification of Speech Acts/1243.6.2 Searles Classification of Speech Acts/1283.6.3 Assessment and Criticism of Speech Act Theory/131Chapter 4 Cooperative Principle/1374.1 Cooperation and Cooperative Principle/1374.2 Conversational Implicature/1454.2.1 Generalized Conversational Implicatures/1494.2.2 Particularized Conversational Implicatures/1504.2.3 Properties of Conversational Implicatures/1524.3 Conventional Implieatures/1554.4 Cooperation， Implicatures and Metaphor/1584.5 Development of Cooperative Principle/1604.5.1 Criticism of Gricean CP/1604.5.2 Horns Theory on Conversational Implicatures/1624.5.3 Levinsons Theory on Conversational Implicatures/1714.5.3.1 Q-implicatures/1734.5.3.2 I-implicatures/1764.5.3.3 M-implicatures/178Chapter 5 Politeness Principle and Face-saving Theory/1815.1 Politeness Principle (PP)/1815.1.1 Background to Politeness Principle/1815.1.2 Main Contents of Politeness Principle/1865.1.2.1 Definition and Function/1865.1.2.2 Illocutionary Functions and Maxims of the PP/1885.1.2.2.1 Illocutionary Functions and Politeness/1885.1.2.2.2 Maxims of the PP/1895.1.3 Some Key Aspects to the Understanding of the PP/2015.1.3.1 Difference in the Importance of the Maxims and Sub-maxims/2015.1.3.2 Degree of Politeness/2045.1.3.3 Politeness and Context/2045.1.3.4 Politeness and Culture/2085.1.3.5 Metalingnistic Aspects of Politeness/2105.2 "Face-saving" Theory (FST)/2125.2.1 A Brief Introduction to FST/2125.2.2 Face-Threatening Act (FIA)/2145.2.3 Redressive Strategies/2155.2.3.1 Bald-on-record Strategy ( without Redressive Action)/2155.2.3.2 Positive Politeness Strategy/2165.2.3.3 Negative Politeness Strategy/2205.2.3.4 Off-record Strategy/2215.2.3.5 Dont-do-the-FTA Strategy/2245.2.4 Computing Weightiness of an FTA/2245.3 Conclusion/225Chapter 6 Relevance Theory/2286.1 Key Terms in RT/2296.1.1 Code Model & Inferential Mode/2296.1.2 Context/2306.1.3 Cognitive Environments & Manifestness/2326.1.4 Ostension & Ostensive-Inferential Communication/2356.1.5 Informative Intention & Communicative Intention/2366.1.6 Contextual Effects & Processing Efforts/238……Part IV Practice： Some Papers on Pragmatics ResearchBibfiography/404Glossary/410

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Another important step related to the enrichment of the context incommunication is the choice of context. In RT, "context" is a fluidnotion, which can be extended until the hearer finds the interpretation thatis optimally relevant to the context. Like what we mentioned above, inaddition to linguistic decoding, the selection of one interpretation ratherthan another involves contextualfactors :general encyclopaedicinformation, short-term memory store, and, the immediate context. Allthese factors combine together, intersect and interact, and yield a range ofpossible contexts, and in the process of searching for relevance, aparticular context is chosen out of that range, which at last helps the hearerto reach the right interpretation of the speakers utterance.　　The extension of the immediately given context lies in three ways（Sperber & Wilson, 1986:140 - 141 ）.　　Firstly, the hearer may have to include in the context not only theinterpretation of the immediate preceding utterance, but also theinterpretation of utterances occurring earlier in the exchange, i.e. theinformation stored in the hearers short-term memory. Scenario 9 is thevery example in this case.　　Secondly, to extend the context, the hearer may have to add to it theencyclopaedic entries （or possibly smaller chunks of encyclopaedicinformation, taken from these entries） of concepts already present either inthe context or in the assumption being processed. For example.

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