認(rèn)知語用學(xué)導(dǎo)論

前言

　　從研究語言到研究語言的使用是現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)的重要特征之一。語言作為人類重要交際工具，無時(shí)無刻不存在于人們的社會(huì)生活之中，是交流思想，抒發(fā)情感，溝通信息所必不可少的載體。研究不同語言交際環(huán)境下如何使用語言和理解語言的學(xué)科就是語用學(xué)。它從說話者和聽話者的角度，把人們使用語言的交際行為看做是受各種社會(huì)文化因素制約的行為，研究特定語境中的話語含義，著重說明語境可能影響話語理解的各個(gè)方面，從而建立語用規(guī)則?！　≌Z言不僅是重要信息載體，也是人類的認(rèn)知能力之一。人們進(jìn)行言語交際的過程實(shí)質(zhì)上就是認(rèn)知的過程，即發(fā)話者明示自己的話語意圖，聽話者依據(jù)話語、語境假設(shè)，推導(dǎo)出發(fā)話者意圖的過程。語用問題的認(rèn)知研究是語言學(xué)研究的延伸和拓展。將交際視為一個(gè)認(rèn)知過程，關(guān)注會(huì)話含義理解的認(rèn)知參與因素及其作用，這就是認(rèn)知語用學(xué)。語用學(xué)研究語言使用的規(guī)律，而語言符號(hào)本身是對(duì)認(rèn)知方式的一種反映，是人們對(duì)客觀事物的心理表征。因此，語用和認(rèn)知密不可分。認(rèn)知語用學(xué)就是根據(jù)認(rèn)知科學(xué)的理論和方法來研究語言使用中的語用問題。　　斯珀伯和威爾遜在合著的《關(guān)聯(lián)性：交際與認(rèn)知》（1986／1995）一書中提出的關(guān)聯(lián)理論從認(rèn)知心理的角度出發(fā)，認(rèn)為交際理論又是一種認(rèn)知理論，提出了明示一推理的交際模式，為認(rèn)知語用學(xué)奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。本書在這一交際模式的基礎(chǔ)上，詳細(xì)探討了認(rèn)知語用學(xué)的背景與現(xiàn)狀，研究方法，會(huì)話含義理論，各種交際模式的比較，認(rèn)知語境，語用推理，明說與暗含，程序意義和概念意義，詞匯語用以及關(guān)聯(lián)理論對(duì)部分語言現(xiàn)象的解釋力等問題，試圖勾畫出該學(xué)科的理論框架，反映出該領(lǐng)域的最新研究成果。同時(shí)本書用簡明易懂的英語語言編寫，以方便外語院系的研究生或語言學(xué)愛好者用作教材使用。

內(nèi)容概要

從研究語言到研究語言的使用是現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)的重要特征之一。語言作為人類重要交際工具，無時(shí)無刻不存在于人們的社會(huì)生活之中，是交流思想，抒發(fā)情感，溝通信息所必不可少的載體。研究不同語言交際環(huán)境下如何使用語言和理解語言的學(xué)科就是語用學(xué)。它從說話者和聽話者的角度，把人們使用語言的交際行為看做是受各種社會(huì)文化因素制約的行為，研究特定語境中的話語含義，著重說明語境可能影響話語理解的各個(gè)方麗，從而建立語用規(guī)則。

作者簡介

李佐文，1966年生。中國傳媒大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院院長，教授。博士后，英語語言文學(xué)專業(yè)碩士生導(dǎo)師；現(xiàn)任全國話語語言學(xué)研究會(huì)會(huì)長。研究方向?yàn)檎J(rèn)知語用學(xué)、計(jì)算語言學(xué)。先后在《外國語》、《外語研究》等刊物發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文三十余篇，出版專著、教材十余部。曾獲全國“寶鋼”教育獎(jiǎng)和河北省“十大杰出青年教師”等榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)。

書籍目錄

Chapter 1  Cognitive Pragmatics.. An Overview    1. Introduction  2. An Overview of Pragmatics    3. From Philosophy of I.anguage to Cognitive Science    4. The Central Issues of Cognitive Pragmatics    5. The Approaches to Cognitive Pragmatics    6.  The Relationship Between Cognilive Pragmatics and Cognitive Linguistics  7. The Developing Trends of Cognitive Pragmatics Chapter 2  Conversational Implicatures   1. Introduction    2. Meaning and Intention    3. Classic-Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicatures    4. Neo-Gricean Period  5. Development  of Relevance Theory  on Conversational Implicatures    6. Summary Chapter 3  Linguistic Communication and Its Models  1. Introduction    2. The Code Model of Linguistic Communication   3. The Inferential Model of Linguistic Communication    4. The Ostensive-inferential Model of I,inguistic  Communication   5. Summary Chapter 4  Cognitive Context    l. Introduction   2. Traditional Context  3. Cognitive Context   4. A Comparison Between Traditional Context and Cognitive Context   5. Cognitive Context in Communication   6. Summary  Chapter 5  Cognitive Principle and Communicative Principle   1. Introduction   2. Relevance and Communication   3. The Principle of Relevance    4. Two Principles of Relevance    5. Summary  Chapter 6  Pragmatic Inference   1. Introduction    2. Logical Inference    3. Features of Pragmatic Inference   4. The Dynamic Model of Pragmatic Inference   5. Bridging and Cognitive Inference    6. SummaryChapter 7  Explicature and lmplicature   1. Introduction  2. Traditional Distinction of"What is said" and "What is implied"    3. Relevance-theoretic Pragmatics   4. Pragmatic Tasks in Explicature Derivation  5. Summary  Chapter 8  Conceptual Meaning and Procedural MeaningChapter 9  A Cog-pragmatic Study of Reference Assignment and Discourse MarkersChapter 10  Lexical PragmaticsIndex

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Pragmatics,as many scholars describe, is an empirical science, but one with philosophical origins and philosophical import.　References to pragmatics are found in philosophy since Charles Morris Foundations of the Theory of Signs was published in 1938,in which pragmaties is defined as the study of the relations between signs and their interpreters. Before Morris, Peirce was the primary source of the contemporary philosophical conception of "semiotic" as a general theory of representation and interpretation. Peireean semeiotic derives ultimately from the theory of signs of Duns Scotus and its later development by John of St. Thomas.　In Peirces theory the sign relation is a triadic relation, a special species of thegenus.- the representing relation.　According to Peirce, semiotic is aphenomenologically based and highly generalized critical theory —— alogic with application beyond the traditional domain to which logic in theordinary sense is restricted —— and can also be understood to be a generaltheory of interpretation which provides analytical instruments applicableto representation and significance of every sort with no privilege ofdistinctively　linguistic　conceptions.　Peirces　semiotic　is　primarilyoriented toward communication rather than language, and is distinct fromthe semiotics （originally called "semiologie" or "semiology） developed byextrapolation from the linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure.　　Morris was concerned to outline the general shape of a science ofsigns, or semiotics. Within semiotics, Morris distinguished three distinctbranches of inquiry, syntactics, being the study of "the formal relationof signs to one another" , semantics , the study of "the relation of signs tothe objects to which the signs are applicable" , and pragmatics,the studyof "the relation of signs to interpreters" （1938.6）.

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