西方文明史

前言

正如德國人的人文著述中充滿日爾曼民族的自豪感和優(yōu)越感那樣，西方歷史學(xué)家在撰寫他們自己的文明史時，往往會過度褒揚西方人的民族性、制度和文化。在他們的筆下，西方文明通常被看做人類文明發(fā)展的主線和軸心，東方文明則自然成為“化外”或“非主流”。M．A．凱什嵐斯基（M。A．Kishlallsky）等人的《西方文明史》似乎突破了這一思想束縛和文化囹固，采用一種客觀的、聯(lián)系的和發(fā)展的觀點來追溯西方文明的歷史足跡。這在林林總總的西方文明史的著作當(dāng)中，不得不說是難能可貴的了。

內(nèi)容概要

《西方文明史》既緊緊把握了政治發(fā)展的線索，同時又兼顧了經(jīng)濟、文化等諸多領(lǐng)域，并運用“新史學(xué)”的方法，將底層大眾的日常社會生活也囊括其中，力求多層次、多角度地揭示西方文明起源、發(fā)展、演進(jìn)、更新的漫長歷程和整體圖景。在敘述和闡釋西方文明歷史的過程中，作者將大多數(shù)精力“一直聚焦在拓展出一種對西方文明的可靠的和易讀的敘述上”，而并非要將之寫成“一部百科全書”。因此，凡是與這一學(xué)術(shù)主旨不相關(guān)的龐雜內(nèi)容一概不予敘述，而那些被長期忽略了的“普通男女的歷史”則被納入到敘事之中。此外，作者還從文明的“親緣”關(guān)系出發(fā)，將斯拉夫文明作為西方文明的組成部分而不是邊緣地帶來加以敘述。正是基于這樣的新理念，該書囊括了歷史地理、政治制度、經(jīng)濟樣式、地區(qū)沖突與戰(zhàn)爭、宗教、思想觀念、文化藝術(shù)、社會生活等諸多的內(nèi)容，讓讀者對西方文明史的整體輪廓與豐厚積淀有了一個比較清晰的認(rèn)識。

作者簡介

作者：(美國)馬克.凱什嵐斯基 (美國)帕特里克.吉爾里 (美國)帕特里夏.奧布賴恩

書籍目錄

Detailed ContentsPrefaceSupplementsAbout the AuthorsINTRODUCTION: The Idea of Western CivilizationChapter 1  The First CivilizationsChapter 2  Early Greece,2500-500 B.C.E.Chapter 3  Classical and Hellenistic Greece,500-100 B.C.E.Chapter 4  Eady Rome and the Roman Republic,800-146 B.C.E.Chapter 5  Imperial Rome,146 B.C.E.-192 C.E.Chapter 6  The Transformation of the Classical World,192-500Chapter 7  The Classical Legacy in the East: Byzantium and IslamChapter 8  The West in the Early Middle Ages,500-900Chapter 9  The High Middle Ages,900-1300Chapter 10  The Later Middle Ages,1300-1500Chapter 11  The Italian RenaissanceChapter 12  The European Empires Chapter 13 The Reform of ReligionChapter 14  Europeat War,I555-I648Chapter 15  The Experiences of Life in Early Modern Europe,1500-1650Chapter 16  The Royal State in the Seventeenth CenturyChapter 17  Science and Commerce in Early Modern EuropeChapter 18  The Balance of Power in Eighteenth-Century EuropeChapter 19  Culture and Society in Eighteenth-Century EuropeChapter 20  The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era,1789-1815Chapter 21  Industrial EuropeChapter 22  Political Upheavals and Social Transformations,1815-1850Chapter 23  State Building and Social Change in Europe,1850-1871Chapter 24  The Crisis ofEuropean Culture,1871-1914Chapter 25  Europe and the World,1870-1914Chapter 26  War and Revolution,1914-1920Chapter 27  The European Search for Stability,1920-1939Chapter 28  Global Conflagration: Wodd War Ⅱ,/939-1945Chapter 29  The Cold War and Postwar Economic Recovery,1945-1970Chapter 30  The End of the Cold War and New Global Challenges,1970 to the Present詞匯與注釋

章節(jié)摘錄

The West is an idea．It is not visible from space．An astro-naut viewing the blue——and·-white terrestrial sphere can make out the forms of Africa，bounded by the Atlantic，the Indian Ocean，the Red Sea，and the Mediterranean．Australia，the Americas，and even Antarctica are distinct patches of blue-green in the darker waters that surround them．But nothing comparable separates Asia from Europe，East from West．Viewed from 100 miles up，the West itself is invisible．Although astronauts can see the great Eurasian landmass curving around the Northern Hemisphere，the Ural Mountainsmthe theoretical boundary between East and West——appear faint from space．Certainly they are less impressive than the towering Himalayas，the Alps，or even the Caucasus．People，not geology,determined that the Urals should be the arbitrary boundary between Europe and Asia．  Even this determination took centuries．Originally,Europe was a name that referred only to central Greece．Gradually,Greeks extended it to include the whole Greek mainland and then the landmass to the north．Later,Roman explorers and soldiers carried Europe north and west to its modern bound-aries．Asia too grew with time．Initially,Asia was only that small portion of what is today Turkey inland from the Aegean Sea．Gradually,as Greek explorers came to know of lands far-ther east，north，and south，they expanded their understand。ing of Asia to include everything east of the Don River to the north and ofthe Red Sea to the south．  Western civilization is as much an idea as the West itsel Under the right conditions，astronauts can see the Great Wall of China snaking its way from the edge of the Himalayas to the Yellow Sea．No comparable physical legacy ofthe West is so mas-sire that its details can be discerned from space．Nor are Western achievements rooted forever in one corner of the world．Ⅵ1at we call Western civilization belongs to no particular place．Its lo．cation has changed since the origins of civilization，that is，the cultural and social traditions characteristic of the civitas,or city．Western”cities appeared first outside the”West）,in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins in present-day Iraq and Iran，a region山at we today call the Middle East．These areas have never losttheir urban traditions，but in time，other cities in North Africa，Greece，and Italy adapted and expanded this heritage．  Until the sixteenth century c…E the western end of the Eurasian landmass was the crucible in which disparate cul．tural and intellectual traditions of the Near East．the Mediterranean，and northern and western Europe were smelted into a new and powerful alloy．Then“the West”ex-panded by establishing colonies overseas and by giving rise tothe“settler societies”of the Americas，Australia and NewZealand，and South Africa．Western technology for harnessing nature，Westerh formsof economic and political organization，Western styles of artand music are for good or ill-一dominant influences inworld civilization．Japan is a leading power in the Western tra．ditions of capitalist commerce and technology．China，themost populous country in the world，adheres to Marxist so．cialist principles——a European political tradition．Millions ofpeople in Africa，Asia，and the Americas follow the religions ofIslam and Christianity,both of which developed fromJudaism in the cradle ofWestern civilization．

編輯推薦

《西方文明史(第5版)》囊括了歷史地理、政治制度、經(jīng)濟樣式、地區(qū)沖突與戰(zhàn)爭、宗教、思想觀念、文化藝術(shù)、社會生活等諸多的內(nèi)容，讓讀者對西方文明史的整體輪廓與豐厚積淀有了一個比較清晰的認(rèn)識。This bust of Socrates portrays himwith the traditional beard of thephilosopher．His features display thetraditiOn that thiS man．whosethoughts were the most beautiful．was nevertheless of rema rkablyhomely appearance．The battle of Agincourt（1415）wasone of the great battles of the HundredYears’War．The heavily armoredFrench cavalry mel defeat at lhehands of a much smaller force ofdisciplined English pikemen andIongbowmen．This image of Henry VIII is amongthe most recognizable from an age of mona rchy that began in the sixteenth century and coincided withthe consoI；dations of nations in western Europe and their expansioninto aII CO rners of the g10be Everywhere small principalities and kingdoms were absorbed by theirlarger and more powerful neighbors，and Europe'S military might was ondisplay as far easl as India and asfar west as Peru．Though Englandplayed but a smalI part in a centurydominated by Spain and France，even its monarch could believe thathe bestrode lhe world fike a colossus．This cartoon depicts the plightof the French peasants．An oldfa rme r iS bowed down Unde rthe weight of the p riviIegeda ristoc racy and cle rgy whilebirds and rabbits，protected byunfair game laws，eat his crops．

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