美國(guó)社會(huì)文化

前言

　　目前，我國(guó)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)界正日漸形成這樣一種共識(shí)，即外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與外國(guó)文化教育密切相關(guān)，不可割離。圍繞語(yǔ)言教學(xué)與文化教育的關(guān)系問(wèn)題，學(xué)術(shù)界主要有三種觀點(diǎn)。一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)言與文化是一種從屬關(guān)系，即語(yǔ)言為主，文化為輔，英語(yǔ)表述為langtrage teaching with a cultural dimen-sion。另一種觀點(diǎn)提出，語(yǔ)言教學(xué)與文化教育應(yīng)齊頭并進(jìn)，不分主次，互為補(bǔ)充，英語(yǔ)表述為culture teaching as a paralle to language teaching。還有一種觀點(diǎn)主張，語(yǔ)言教學(xué)與文化教育構(gòu)成一個(gè)不可割裂的整體，英語(yǔ)表述為culture teaching as an integral part of language teaching。盡管這三種觀點(diǎn)側(cè)重點(diǎn)相異，對(duì)文化在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)過(guò)程中的權(quán)重認(rèn)識(shí)不一，但它們的共同點(diǎn)還是顯而易見(jiàn)的，即三者都強(qiáng)調(diào)文化教育對(duì)語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的影響和作用。以此推論，即便了解和掌握一國(guó)文化不是學(xué)好其語(yǔ)言的必要條件，至少也是有助于語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用的?！　≌腔谶@一認(rèn)識(shí)，本人用英語(yǔ)編寫(xiě)了這本《美國(guó)社會(huì)文化》，旨在為中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者和美國(guó)文化愛(ài)好者提供一幅以美國(guó)文化理念和價(jià)值觀為主線、以美國(guó)人民族特性和行為方式為內(nèi)容、以美國(guó)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和地區(qū)特色為襯托的“美國(guó)社會(huì)文化全景圖”。眾所周知，語(yǔ)言的背后是文化，文化的背后是良知，良知的背后是人性。因此，無(wú)論是從現(xiàn)實(shí)主義或者實(shí)用主義，還是從道德良知或者人文精神的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，知曉和領(lǐng)悟美國(guó)文化不僅有助于我們對(duì)英語(yǔ)（至少是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)）的切實(shí)掌握和靈活運(yùn)用，而且有助于我們?nèi)宋乃仞B(yǎng)的提升和思想情操的修煉。毋庸說(shuō)，我們不必把美國(guó)文化“照單全收”，更沒(méi)有必要仿而效之，而應(yīng)該采取取其精華、去其糟粕的態(tài)度，一方面探尋美國(guó)人的文化精神，另一方面尋求全人類的共同關(guān)懷。在了解和詮釋美國(guó)文化的精神之旅中，我們不僅可以解讀英語(yǔ)文字中的文化信息，更可以英語(yǔ)文字為載體透視美利堅(jiān)民族之魂?！　￠L(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，本人在講授英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言技能的同時(shí)教授美國(guó)文化課程。近三十載的教學(xué)實(shí)踐告訴我，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言教學(xué)必須輔以文化內(nèi)容，即language teaching with a cultural dimension。這是最基本的要求，否則語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)只能流于表面，無(wú)法深入內(nèi)層。事實(shí)上，對(duì)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文化的生疏和無(wú)知不僅阻礙語(yǔ)言習(xí)得過(guò)程，而且影響甚至制約對(duì)語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確理解和完整掌握。

內(nèi)容概要

《美國(guó)社會(huì)文化》旨在為中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者和美國(guó)文化愛(ài)好者提供一幅以美國(guó)文化理念和價(jià)值觀為主線、以美國(guó)人民族特性和行為方式為內(nèi)容、以美國(guó)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和地區(qū)特色為襯托的“美國(guó)社會(huì)文化全景圖。。眾所周知，語(yǔ)言的背后是文化，文化的背后是良知，良知的背后是人性。因此，無(wú)論是從現(xiàn)實(shí)主義或者實(shí)用主義，還是從道德良知或者人文精神的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，知曉和領(lǐng)悟美國(guó)文化不僅有助于我們對(duì)英語(yǔ)的切實(shí)掌握和靈活運(yùn)用，而且有助于我們?nèi)宋乃仞B(yǎng)的提升和思想情操的修煉。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

王恩銘，1957年生。博士，教授，博士生導(dǎo)師，上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)美國(guó)研究中心負(fù)責(zé)人，中華美國(guó)學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)員，上海美國(guó)研究學(xué)會(huì)理事和中國(guó)美國(guó)研究聯(lián)絡(luò)會(huì)理事。長(zhǎng)期從事美國(guó)文化與高級(jí)英語(yǔ)的教學(xué)工作。2002年榮獲上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)首屆“青年十佳教師”，2002年獲上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)教育獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)基金“申銀萬(wàn)國(guó)科研”一等獎(jiǎng)；2006年獲上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)科研學(xué)術(shù)專著三等獎(jiǎng)；2006年獲上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)基金“卡西歐論文獎(jiǎng)”：2007年及2009年獲上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)基金“卡西歐專著獎(jiǎng)”。2008年獲上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)科研學(xué)術(shù)論文一等獎(jiǎng)，2009年獲上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)教育獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)基金一等獎(jiǎng)。

書(shū)籍目錄

Chapter One Out of the Past 　Learning Objectives 　1.1 The Birth of a New Nation 　1.2 The Growth of the New Republic 　1.3 The Civil War and the Reconstruction 　1.4 Growth and Transformation 　1.5 The Progressive Thrust 　1.6 War, Prosperity, and Depression 　1.7 World War II and Its Impact 　1.8 Decades of Change: 1960--1980 　1.9 America at the Turn of the Century 　Summary 　Essay Questions Chapter Two The American Identity 　Learning Objectives 　2.1 The Anglo-Saxons 　2.2 White Ethnic Americans 　2.3 African Americans 　2.4 Latinos/Hispanics 　2.5 Asian Americans 　2.6 Native Americans 　Summary 　Essay Questions Chapter Three Religion in America 　Learning Objectives 　3.1 Religion in America: A Brief History 　3.2 "In God We Trust" 　3.3 Church, State and Politics 　3.4 Popular Religion 　3.5 Civil Religion and Beyond 　Summary 　Essay Questions Chapter Four American Beliefs 　Learning Objectives 　4.1 Primary Beliefs of American Culture 　4.2 Immigrant Beliefs 　4.3 Frontier Beliefs 　4.4 Religious and Moral Beliefs 　4.5 Social Beliefs 　4.6 Political Beliefs 　4.7 Beliefs on Human Nature 　Summary 　Essay Questions Chapter Five American Values and Assumptions Chapter Six Cultural Regions in America Chapter Seven Education in America Chapter Eight The American Family Chapter Nine Mass Media Chapter Ten Popular Culture Chapter Eleven Capitalist Economy and Business Chapter Twelve Social Services Chapter Thirteen Law and Legal System Chapter Fourteen American Women Chapter Fifteen Who Is an American? Essay Questions Bibliography

章節(jié)摘錄

　　The city had many faces.Slums，criminals，beggars，and grafters displayed one side of urban life.Beautiful parks broad avenues lined with smart stores and find mansions，great churches，theaters，museums，and libraries showed another.The best hospitals and the best schools were to be found in the cities，as were also the intellectual nerve centers of the country the offices of the leading magazines，newspapers，and book publishers.It was part of the centralization of American life that the mores ophisticated manners and morals of the city should exert a steadily widening influence over the country as a whole.The city was the home of the rich no less than of the poor。but the rich were enjoying their golden hour in the city as the poor could not.For women，however，the city gave them new opportunities for indepen dencethat were nerve dreamed of.The narrow alternatives of earlier davs school-teaching，domestic service，factory work now broadened to offer employment to women doctors，lawyers，typists，telephone operators，librarians，journalists，and social workers.Particularly interesting were the opportunities in nursing.Excerpt in a few Catholic hospitals，femalenurses before the Civil War were an untrained and little-respected group.But by 1883，with the radical alteration of public attitudes，there were twenty-two training schools in the country.Urban conditions，the growing independence of women，and many other economic and social factors exerted their influence on American family life.Between 1860 and 1910，the birth rate declined from about 41per thousand to about 27.Smaller families were particularly characteristic of the urban professional and business classes，who found it increasinglyexpensive to give children the educational and other advantages that were considered necessary.Even more alarming to many moralists was the steady increase in divorce.In 1867，fewer than 10，000 divorces were granted in the whole country 0.3 divorce per thousand of population.In1914，there were over 100，000 divorces and the rate had risen to 1.0 perthousand inhabitants.

編輯推薦

　　《美國(guó)社會(huì)文化》在了解和詮釋美國(guó)社會(huì)文化的精神之旅中，我們不僅可以解讀英語(yǔ)文字中的文化信息，更可以以英語(yǔ)文字為載體透視美利堅(jiān)民族之魂。通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)美國(guó)社會(huì)與文化，可以更加系統(tǒng)、完整地理解和把握美國(guó)文化，進(jìn)而在理性層面對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言既“知其然”，又“知其所以然”，最終自覺(jué)使用正確、地道的英語(yǔ)。

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