出版時間:2009-1 出版社:科學(xué)出版社 作者:李京廉 頁數(shù):188
前言
李京廉的博士論文正式出版,這是值得祝賀的事。該書是運用生成語言學(xué)的理論來解決漢語語法問題的可貴嘗試,為進(jìn)一步的研討提供了積極的參考,相信能夠引起大家的興趣。李京廉在山東大學(xué)攻讀碩士學(xué)位時師從胡建華教授專攻生成語言學(xué),寫了論“自己”指稱問題的句法論文。他來北京師范大學(xué)攻讀博士學(xué)位時,本想繼續(xù)探討這一問題,但我認(rèn)為這個問題大家談得已經(jīng)夠多,就安排他去探討漢語語法的其他問題,結(jié)果他就把注意力集中到連動句、兼語句等問題上來了。博士畢業(yè)后,他又在北京外國語大學(xué)中國外語教育研究中心王克非教授指導(dǎo)下從事博士后研究,進(jìn)一步深入思考這些問題并提煉出新的心得。這種不斷進(jìn)取的精神是可嘉的?! ∩烧Z言學(xué)雖然是當(dāng)代語言學(xué)的主流和顯學(xué),但是它也在不斷修正和發(fā)展。我和同行翻譯過喬姆斯基的著作,但我愧未能親力投入生成語法的研究。盡管如此,我仍然關(guān)注著這個領(lǐng)域的情況。我認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該以兼容并包的態(tài)度來看待當(dāng)代語言學(xué)。多年以來,我在研究生教學(xué)和論文指導(dǎo)中一直表明我的觀點:當(dāng)代語言學(xué)形成了三條路線:結(jié)構(gòu)語言學(xué)、功能語言學(xué)、認(rèn)知語言學(xué)。結(jié)構(gòu)語言學(xué)包括描寫結(jié)構(gòu)語言學(xué)(老派的結(jié)構(gòu)主義)和解釋結(jié)構(gòu)語言學(xué)(生成語言學(xué),常自稱形式語言學(xué)),還有其他流派。功能語言學(xué)可以包括結(jié)構(gòu)功能語言學(xué)和社會功能語言學(xué)。認(rèn)知語言學(xué)是新近崛起的,還沒有定論,但不妨認(rèn)為包括體驗主義派和邏輯主義派;當(dāng)然也有一些人似乎采取中間立場。從另一方面看,我認(rèn)為認(rèn)知語言學(xué)應(yīng)該包括認(rèn)知語義學(xué)、認(rèn)知語法學(xué)、認(rèn)知語用學(xué)。很多人不認(rèn)為“認(rèn)知語用學(xué)”屬于認(rèn)知語言學(xué);這種排斥態(tài)度是不必要的。當(dāng)然一個研究課題(是否應(yīng)該)屬于什么學(xué)科范圍,本身并無決定性的意義或價值,重要的是一定要在該課題做出成果。不管大家是否同意我的三條路線的說法,大家當(dāng)然還是可以各走各的路線。不過我覺得,一個人在“我行我素”時偶或轉(zhuǎn)頭看一眼別人怎么走路決無任何害處。
內(nèi)容概要
《漢語控制的生成語法研究》在生成語法的原則與參數(shù)理論框架內(nèi)對漢語的控制進(jìn)行研究,即對漢語空主語PRO的分布和釋義進(jìn)行探討?! RO的一般出現(xiàn)在非限定小句的主語位置。由于漢語缺乏顯性的形態(tài)標(biāo)記,很多學(xué)者認(rèn)為漢語不存在限定與非限定的區(qū)分,因此漢語中不存在空語類PRO?! ∈怪牵?995a)提出時間一維性原則,這一規(guī)則在語言中投影為,如果在同一句子中有多個表示同一時間發(fā)生的動詞,只有一個動詞可以具有與表達(dá)時間信息有關(guān)的語法特征,其他的動詞不能。邢欣(1990,1995)也認(rèn)為雖然漢語缺乏形態(tài)特征,但漢語的動詞仍然可以分為動態(tài)動詞和靜態(tài)動詞兩類,能帶時間限制詞“已經(jīng)”(包括“已”),“正在”(包括“正”、“在”),“將要”(包括“將”、“要”、“就要”)的動詞短語是動態(tài)短語,不能帶這些限制詞的動詞短語是靜態(tài)短語。前者可以帶時態(tài)助詞“著”、“了”、“過”,后者不可以。動態(tài)動詞動詞可以單獨做謂語,而靜態(tài)動詞短語不可以?! ”疚恼J(rèn)為雖然漢語在形態(tài)上不存在限定與非限定的區(qū)分,但它可通過詞匯手段標(biāo)記這一區(qū)分,并基于以上觀點,嘗試性地提出區(qū)分限定與非限定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn):在小句中,能夠被體副詞(aspectual adverbial)“已經(jīng)(已)”、“正在(正,在)”和“將要(將)”修飾的動詞為限定動詞,不能被這些體副詞修飾的動詞為非限定動詞。根據(jù)這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),漢語中的兼語結(jié)構(gòu)、連動結(jié)構(gòu)、動補結(jié)構(gòu)和動詞主語結(jié)構(gòu)中存在限定與非限定的區(qū)分。值得注意的是,限定從句跟體狀語是可選的,有的限定從句因為主句動詞的特性而不能跟體狀語,但這并不能否定該從句是限定從句,根據(jù)以上標(biāo)準(zhǔn),漢語的兼語結(jié)構(gòu)、連動結(jié)構(gòu)、動詞補語結(jié)構(gòu)和動詞主語結(jié)構(gòu)存在限定與非限定的區(qū)分,PRO出現(xiàn)這些結(jié)構(gòu)中非限定從句的主語位置?! laomsky(1981)指出,控制理論涉及許多因素,包括結(jié)構(gòu)因素、動詞的內(nèi)在特性以及其他語義和語用考慮。PRO的釋義亦如此?;贑horesky(1981)的思路和Pan(1997,1998)提出的鄰近條件和相容條件,本文提出了PRO釋義的綜合理論:PIO選擇最近的相容的NP作它的控制語。如果沒有最近的、相容的NP,PRO選擇較近的、相容的NP作它的控制語。如果沒有其他相容的NP,PRO就受隱性控制或任意控制?! 〗?jīng)過驗證,PRO釋義的綜合理論能夠較好地解釋漢語PRO的釋義。
書籍目錄
序AcknowledgementsAbstract摘要AbbreviationsChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Control Theory: An Overview1.1.1 Definitions of Control1.1.2 Chomskys Typology of Empty Categories1.1.3 Basic Questions Concerning Control1.2 Typology of Control1.2.1 Obligatory Control Versus Non-obligatory Control1.2.2 Subject Control Versus Object Control1.2.3 Split Control Versus Non-split Control1.2.4 Implicit Control1.2.5 Landaus (2000) Typology of Control1.3 Two Generalizations Concerning Control1.3.1 Bachs Generalization1.3.2 Vissers Generalization1.3.3 Intermediate Summary1.4 The Goal of the Book1.5 The Organization of the BookChapter 2 Major Approaches to the Study of Control: A Critical Review2.1 The Study of Control Under the Syntactic Approach2.1.1 The Syntactic Study of Control Under the GB Framework2.1.1.1 Chomskys Study of Control Under the GB Framework2.1.1.2 Manzinis Study of Control Under the GB Framework2.1.1.3 James Huangs Study of Control in Chinese Under the GBFramework2.1.1.4 Battistellas Study of Control in Chinese Under the GB Framework2.1.2 The Syntactic Study of Control Under the MP Framework2.1.2.1 Chomsky and Lasniks Study of Control Under the MP Framework2.1.2.2 Hornsteins Movement Analysis of Control Under the MP Framework2.1.2.3 Manzini and Roussous Study of Control Under the MP Framework2.1.3 The Syntactic Study of Control Under the Framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar2.2 The Study of Control Under the Semantic Approach2.2.1 Thematic Identity Condition and Thematic Distinctness Condition2.2.2 A Lexical-Thematic Theory of Control in Chinese2.2.3 Culicover and Wilkinss Coindexing Rule2.2.4 Sag and Pollards Controller Assignment Principle2.3 The Study of Control Under the Pragmatic Approach2.4 SummaryChapter 3 The Distinction Between Finiteness and Non-finiteness in Chinese3.1 Overview3.2 Proponents of the Finiteness Versus Non-finiteness Distinction in Chinese3.2.1 James Huangs Arguments for the Finiteness Versus Non-finiteness Distinction in Chinese3.2.2 Audrey Lis Arguments for the Finiteness Versus Non-finit-eness Distinction in Chinese3.2.3 Shi Yuzhis Arguments for the Finiteness Versus Non-finit-eness Distinction in Chinese3.3 Opponents of the Finiteness Versus Non-finiteness Distinction in Chinese3.3.1 Xus Arguments Against the Finiteness Versus Non-finitenessDistinction in Chinese3.3.2 Yan Huangs Arguments against the Finiteness Versus Non- finiteness Distinction in Chinese3.3.3 Hu, Pan and Xus Arguments against the Finiteness Versus Non-finiteness Distinction in Chinese3.4 Our Arguments for the Distinction Between Finit- eness and Non-finiteness in Chinese3.4.1 Definitions of Finiteness and Non-finiteness3.4.1.1 The Definitions of Finiteness and Non-finiteness in a Narrow Sense3.4.1.2 The Definitions of Finiteness and Non-finiteness in a Broad Sense3.4.2 A New Criterion for the Distinction Between Finiteness and Non-finiteness in Chinese3.4.3 The Constructions that Distinguish Finiteness from Non-finiteness in Chinese3.4.3.1 The Pivotal Construction3.4.3.2 The Serial Verb Construction3.4.3.3 The Verbal Complement Construction3.4.3.4 The Verbal Subject Construction3.5 SummaryChapter 4 The Distribution and Interpretation of PRO in Chinese: A Tentative Account4.1 The Distribution of PRO in Chinese4.1.1 The Distribution of PRO in the Pivotal Construction4.1.2 The Distribution of PRO in the Serial Verb Construction4.1.3 The Distribution of PRO in the Verbal Complement Construction4.1.4 The Distribution of PRO in the Verbal Subject Construction4.2 The Interpretation of PRO in Chinese4.2.1 The Interpretation of PRO in the Pivotal Construction4.2.2 The Interpretation of PRO in the Serial Verb Construction4.2.3 The Interpretation of PRO in the Verbal Complement Construction4.2.4 The Interpretation of PRO in the Verbal Subject Construction-.4.3 An Integrated Theory for the Interpretation of PRO in Chinese4.4 SummaryChapter 5 Conclusions5.1 Concluding Remarks5.2 Suggestions for Further StudyBibliography
章節(jié)摘錄
2.2 The Study of Control Under the Semantic Approach In addition to the syntactic study of control the semantic approach is pursued by some scholars such as Ruzicka (1983), Xu (1985-1986), Culicover and Wilkins (1986), and Sag and Pollard (1991). AccordIng to the semantic study of control control is believed to be fundamentally conditioned on the basis of thematic relations as defined along the lines suggested by Fillmore (1968) and Jackendoff (1972, 1987). Jackendoff (1972) argues for a specification of the controller in the lexical entry of the complement-taking verbs as part of the "network of reference", a position also adopted by Chomsky (1980). In an attempt to solve the problem caused by the promise-type verbs for the Rosenbaums MDP or similar analyses, Chomsky proposes an arbitrary feature [+SC] ("assign subject control") to be included in the lexicon of these verbs. As for the second major type of control verb, that is, the persuade-type verbs, Chomsky holds that they should be marked with the arbitrary feature [+CC] ("assign complement control") in the lexicon.
編輯推薦
《漢語控制的生成語法研究》在生成語法的原則與參數(shù)理論框架內(nèi)對漢語的控制進(jìn)行研究,即對漢語空主語PRO的分布和釋義進(jìn)行探討?!稘h語控制的生成語法研究》認(rèn)為雖然漢語在形態(tài)上不存在限定與非限定的區(qū)分,但它可通過詞匯手段標(biāo)記這一區(qū)分,并基于以上觀點,嘗試性地提出區(qū)分限定與非限定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn):在小句中,能夠被體副詞(aspectual adverbial)“已經(jīng)(已)”、“正在(正,在)”和“將要(將)”修飾的動詞為限定動詞,不能被這些體副詞修飾的動詞為非限定動詞。根據(jù)這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),漢語中的兼語結(jié)構(gòu)、連動結(jié)構(gòu)、動補結(jié)構(gòu)和動詞主語結(jié)構(gòu)中存在限定與非限定的區(qū)分。值得注意的是,限定從句跟體狀語是可選的,有的限定從句因為主句動詞的特性而不能跟體狀語,但這并不能否定該從句是限定從句,根據(jù)以上標(biāo)準(zhǔn),漢語的兼語結(jié)構(gòu)、連動結(jié)構(gòu)、動詞補語結(jié)構(gòu)和動詞主語結(jié)構(gòu)存在限定與非限定的區(qū)分,PRO出現(xiàn)這些結(jié)構(gòu)中非限定從句的主語位置。
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