穩(wěn)態(tài)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與神經(jīng)行為學(xué)

前言

20世紀(jì)中葉以來，關(guān)于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的研究從以往生物與心理學(xué)研究的邊緣地位躍升，成為神經(jīng)科學(xué)這一交叉學(xué)科。這一新學(xué)科將生物化學(xué)、細(xì)胞生物學(xué)、解剖學(xué)、生理學(xué)、心理學(xué)、神經(jīng)病學(xué)、精神病學(xué)等具有不同背景的科學(xué)家與臨床醫(yī)生們聯(lián)系起來，研究令人激動(dòng)的腦的秘密。他們專注于探索神經(jīng)元的功能機(jī)制，澄清行為與認(rèn)知的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)，了解神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病。1969年神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會的創(chuàng)建大大促進(jìn)了該學(xué)科的發(fā)展，如今該學(xué)會已經(jīng)擁有近37000名會員。第一個(gè)針對神經(jīng)科學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目建立于醫(yī)學(xué)院（1965年加州大學(xué)圣迭戈分校建立神經(jīng)科學(xué)系，1966年哈佛大學(xué)建立神經(jīng)生物學(xué)系）。第一個(gè)本科生培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目于1972年建立于Amherst學(xué)院和Oberlin學(xué)院，后者培養(yǎng)了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者Rogel Sperr、，和三位神經(jīng)科學(xué)會會長。時(shí)至今日，全世界已經(jīng)有超過300個(gè)神經(jīng)科學(xué)系或相應(yīng)的培養(yǎng)項(xiàng)目?！渡窠?jīng)科學(xué)百科全書》旨在將本學(xué)科豐富多元的內(nèi)容條理化并仔細(xì)介紹，從而推動(dòng)不同學(xué)術(shù)分支之間的溝通，提供權(quán)威的信息來源。該書面向較為廣泛的讀者群體，既包括初入神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究的學(xué)生，也包括尋求特定專題知識的普通讀者。無論是神經(jīng)科學(xué)家，還是正在學(xué)習(xí)神經(jīng)科學(xué)的本科生和研究生，或生命科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的教師、科普作家，都會從該參考書中獲益?！渡窠?jīng)科學(xué)百科全書》的第一版，也是該學(xué)科的第一本詳盡的參考書，于1987年在George Adelman卓有成效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下出版；該版本分為兩卷，共。700多個(gè)條目。本書的第二版由George Adelman和Barry Smith主編，包括超過800個(gè)條目，于1999年分兩卷出版，同時(shí)配發(fā)了光盤版。2004.年的第三版僅以電子版本發(fā)行。本次出版的版本包括近1500個(gè)條目，全書在Science. Direct網(wǎng)站上發(fā)行，讀者可以注冊登錄WWW.SCiencedirect.com閱讀。主編小組在神經(jīng)科學(xué)中劃分出46個(gè)主要領(lǐng)域，并邀請各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專家擔(dān)任副主編，由他們組織該領(lǐng)域的內(nèi)容。每位副主編再邀請30～40位作者準(zhǔn)備各個(gè)專題條目，這些專題將努力涵蓋該領(lǐng)域的所有內(nèi)容。許多專題作者都是該領(lǐng)域享有盛譽(yù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。這使得該書成為當(dāng)今神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)科的匯編，其中囊括了最重要的研究、最有力的研究工具、最有潛力的應(yīng)用。許多條目本身就是一篇自成一體的獨(dú)立綜述。同時(shí)，在結(jié)論部分又有大量的交叉引用，它們可以將讀者引入其他相關(guān)的條目。此書主體上以字母順序組織所有條目。此外，詳盡的主題分類又可以幫助讀者找到相關(guān)的專題，以了解本學(xué)科的結(jié)構(gòu)。雖然沒有一本神經(jīng)科學(xué)的參考書能夠囊括大腦研究每一個(gè)值得注意的想法和成果，主編們?nèi)韵Ｍ緯軌虺蔀橐槐炯认鑼?shí)又具指導(dǎo)意義的、反映當(dāng)代神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究的匯編。神經(jīng)科學(xué)還在不斷發(fā)展向前，如果本書能夠在征服神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病，和了解腦、思維及我們自身的征程中發(fā)揮作用，它就獲得了成功。

內(nèi)容概要

《神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書》原書篇幅巨大，為所有神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書之首。由來自世界各地的2400多位專家撰稿人合力打造，覆蓋了神經(jīng)科學(xué)全部主要領(lǐng)域。每個(gè)詞條在收入書中之前均經(jīng)過顧問委員會的同行評議，詞條中均含有詞匯表、引言、參考文獻(xiàn)和豐富的交叉參考內(nèi)容。    主編為著名神經(jīng)科學(xué)家、美國神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會前主席LarryR.Squire。內(nèi)容平易，本科生即可讀懂。深度和廣度獨(dú)一無二，足可滿足專家學(xué)者的需要。導(dǎo)讀版精選原書中的部分主題，按內(nèi)容重新編排，更適合國內(nèi)讀者購買和閱讀。

作者簡介

編者：（美國）斯奎爾（Larry R.Squire）

書籍目錄

計(jì)算神經(jīng)行為學(xué)與神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)  Active Perception  Attention:Models  Attractor Network Models  Auditory Cortex:Models  Axonal Pathfinding  Bayesian Cortical Models  Bayesian Models of Motor Control  Birdsong Learning  Brain Scaling Laws  Brain-Computer Interface  Circadian Rhythm Models  Computational Approaches to Motor Control  Computational Methods  Computational Neuroethology  Connectionist Models  Connectionist Models of Language Processing  Consciousness:Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience  Consciousness:Theories and Models  Electrophysiology:EEG and ERP Analysis  Emotion:Computational Modeling  Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:Computational Models  Gain Modulation  Hippocampus:Computational Models  Hodgkin-Huxley Model  Homeostasis at Multiple Spatial and Temporal Scales  Ideal Observer Theory  Information Coding  Learning,Action,Inference and Neuromodulation  Memory:Computational Models  Neural Integrator Models  Neural Oscillators and Dynamical Systems Models  Neuromorphic Systems  Neuroplasticity:Computational Approaches  Olfactory Coding  Population Codes:Theoretic Aspects  Retinal Models  Self-Organizing Maps  Sensorimotor Integration:Models  Sleep Oscillations  Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity Models  Spiking Neuron Models  Statistical Analysis of Visual Perception  Statistical Learning of Language  Statistical Tests and Inferences  Stomatogastric Ganglion Models  Swim Oscillator Networks  Synaptic Transmission:Models  Synfire Chains  Visual Cortical Models of Orientation Tuning  Visual Motion Models穩(wěn)態(tài)：概述  Hypothalamic Structure-Function Relationships  Magnocellular Neurosecretory System:Organization,Plasticity, Model Peptidergic Neurons  Neuron-Glia pH Regulation穩(wěn)態(tài)：能量平衡  Activity-Dependent Metabolism in Glia and Neurons  Activity-Dependent Regulation of Glucose Transporter  Brain Glucose Metabolism:Age,Alzheimer's Disease,and ApoE Allele Effects  Calcium Homeostasis in Glia  Energy Homeostasis:Adiposity Signals  Energy Homeostasis:Endocannabinoid System  Energy Homeostasis:Hypothalamic Development  Energy Homeostasis:Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) System  Energy Homeostasis:Visceral Control  Exercise:Optimizing Function and Survival at the Cellular Level  Gap Junctions:Metabolic Exchanges  Gastrointestinal Signals:Satiety  Gastrointestinal Signals:Stimulation  Glial Energy Metabolism:A NMR Spectroscopy Perspective  Glial Energy Metabolism:Overview  Glial Glycogen Metabolism  Glycogen Metabolism in CNS White Matter  Hormonal Signaling to the Brain for the Control of Feeding/Energy Balance  Motor Control of Feeding and Drinking  Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Balance(Central Circuits/Mechanisms)  Neuron-Glia Coupling in Glutathione Metabolism  Nutrient Sensing:Carbohydrates  Nutrient Sensing:Cellular Metabolism  Nutrition穩(wěn)態(tài)：體液與礦物質(zhì)平衡  Angiotensin II  Atrial Natriuretic Peptide:Fluid/Mineral Balance  Blood Pressure:Baroreceptors  Circumventricular Organs  Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis:Clinical Disease  Neurohypophyseal System  Osmoregulation  Salt Appetite  Thirst穩(wěn)態(tài)：食物攝入  Central Gustatory System and Ingestive Behavior  Cortical Processing of the Reward Value of Food  Exercise:Optimizing Function and Survival at the Cellular Level  Food and Water Intake:Regulation  Gastrointestinal Tract Role in Neural Control of Metabolism,Food Intake and Body Weight:A Summary  Neuropeptides:Food Intake穩(wěn)態(tài)：體溫調(diào)節(jié)  Autonomic Nervous System:Central Thermoregulatory Control  Energy Homeostasis:Thermoregulation  Thermoregulation during Sleep and Sleep Deprivation  Thermoregulation:Autonomic,Age-Related Changes神經(jīng)行為學(xué)  Behavioral Hierarchies  Development of Behavior  Eleetrocoinmunication  Extinction:Anatomy  Hormones and Behavior  Magnetic Sense in Animal Navigation  Neuroendocrine Control:Maternal Behavior  Neuroethological Perspective  Neuromodulation  Visually Guided Behavior原書詞條中英對照表

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：However, over much longer periods （several days）, experimental work has demonstrated that growth cones can respond to gradients of 0.2% or less across their spatial extent. Furthermore, at sufficiently high and low concentrations, almost all or almost no receptors are bound: this leads to further reductions in sensitivity. Experimental and theoretical work has confirmed that the highest sensitivity is achieved when approximately half of the receptors are bound, which occurs when the concentration is equal to the dissociation constant for binding.   Aside from these general constraints on gradient detection, models have also been developed which directly simulate the behavior of growth cones and axons in the presence of guidance cue gradients. Several models have focused on biochemical networks which are putatively responsible for growth cone motility and guidance. Such models are difficult to construct, partly due to the complexity of growth cone biochemistry and partly due to the lack of experimental data on important quantities such as reaction rate constants, concentrations, and interactions between molecular species. One model has focused on the Rho-GTPase signaling network, which is known to play an important role in actin-driven cell motility. Due to incomplete experimental data, the investigators took a qualitative approach, simulating the behavior of several plausible interaction networks and kinetic constants and using the results of these simulations to form hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms of growth cone motility. They found that the Rho-GTPase network undergoes a sharp transition in its dynamics when a threshold concentration of a particular signaling molecule is reached. The authors linked these two dynamic behaviors to different modes of growth cone motility, developing a model which could reproduce sme experimentally observed phenomena.

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《神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書11:穩(wěn)態(tài)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與神經(jīng)行為學(xué)(導(dǎo)讀版)》是由科學(xué)出版社出版的。

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