TCP/IP詳解 卷1：協(xié)議（英文版·第2版）

內(nèi)容概要

　　《TCP/IP詳解》是已故網(wǎng)絡(luò)專家、著名技術(shù)作家W. Richard
Stevens的傳世之作，內(nèi)容詳盡且極具權(quán)威，被譽(yù)為TCP/IP領(lǐng)域的不朽名著。
　　本書是《TCP/IP詳解》的第1卷，主要講述TCP/IP協(xié)議，結(jié)合大量實(shí)例講述TCP/IP協(xié)議族的定義原因，以及在各種不同的操作系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用及工作方式。第2版在保留Stevens卓越的知識體系和寫作風(fēng)格的基礎(chǔ)上，新加入的作者Kevin
R.
Fall結(jié)合其作為TCP/IP協(xié)議研究領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的尖端經(jīng)驗(yàn)來更新本書，反映了最新的協(xié)議和最佳的實(shí)踐方法。首先，他介紹了TCP/IP的核心目標(biāo)和體系結(jié)構(gòu)概念，展示了它們?nèi)绾文苓B接不同的網(wǎng)絡(luò)和支持多個(gè)服務(wù)同時(shí)運(yùn)行。接著，他詳細(xì)解釋了IPv4和IPv6網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)地址。然后，他采用自底向上的方式來介紹TCP/IP的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能：從鏈路層協(xié)議（如Ethernet和Wi-Fi），經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)層、傳輸層到應(yīng)用層。
　　書中依次全面介紹了ARP、DHCP、NAT、防火墻、ICMPv4/ICMPv6、廣播、多播、UDP、DNS等，并詳細(xì)介紹了可靠傳輸和TCP，包括連接管理、超時(shí)、重傳、交互式數(shù)據(jù)流和擁塞控制。此外，還介紹了安全和加密的基礎(chǔ)知識，闡述了當(dāng)前用于保護(hù)安全和隱私的重要協(xié)議，包括EAP、IPsec、TLS、DNSSEC和DKIM。
　　本書適合任何希望理解TCP/IP協(xié)議如何實(shí)現(xiàn)的人閱讀，更是TCP/IP領(lǐng)域研究人員和開發(fā)人員的權(quán)威參考書。無論你是初學(xué)者還是功底深厚的網(wǎng)絡(luò)領(lǐng)域高手，本書都是案頭必備，將幫助你更深入和直觀地理解整個(gè)協(xié)議族，構(gòu)建更好的應(yīng)用和運(yùn)行更可靠、更高效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

作者簡介

　　Kevin R.
Fall博士有超過25年的TCP/IP工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并且是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)架構(gòu)委員會成員。他是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)研究任務(wù)組中延遲容忍網(wǎng)絡(luò)研究組（DTNRG）的聯(lián)席主席，該組致力于在極端和挑戰(zhàn)性能的環(huán)境中探索網(wǎng)絡(luò)。他是一位IEEE院士。
　　W. Richard
Stevens博士（1951—1999）是國際知名的Unix和網(wǎng)絡(luò)專家，受人尊敬的技術(shù)作家和咨詢顧問。他教會了一代網(wǎng)絡(luò)專業(yè)人員使用TCP/IP的技能，使互聯(lián)網(wǎng)成為人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹闹行摹tevens于1999年9月1日去世，年僅48歲。在短暫但精彩的人生中，他著有多部經(jīng)典的傳世之作，包括《TCP/IP
詳解》（三卷本）、《UNIX網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程》（兩卷本）以及《UNIX環(huán)境高級編程》。2000年他被國際權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)Usenix追授“終身成就獎(jiǎng)”。

書籍目錄

Foreword v
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Architectural Principles
1.1.1 Packets, Connections, and Datagrams
1.1.2 The End-to-End Argument and Fate Sharing
1.1.3 Error Control and Flow Control
1.2 Design and Implementation
1.2.1 Layering
1.2.2 Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, and Encapsulation in
Layered
Implementations
1.3 The Architecture and Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite
1.3.1 The ARPANET Reference Model
1.3.2 Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, and Encapsulation in
TCP/IP
1.3.3 Port Numbers
1.3.4 Names, Addresses, and the DNS
1.4 Internets, Intranets, and Extranets
1.5 Designing Applications
1.5.1 Client/Server
1.5.2 Peer-to-Peer
1.5.3 Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
Preface to the Second Edition vii
Adapted Preface to the First Edition xiii
1.6 Standardization Process
1.6.1 Request for Comments (RFC)
1.6.2 Other Standards
1.7 Implementations and Software Distributions
1.8 Attacks Involving the Internet Architecture
1.9 Summary
1.10 References
Chapter 2 The Internet Address Architecture
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Expressing IP Addresses
2.3 Basic IP Address Structure
2.3.1 Classful Addressing
2.3.2 Subnet Addressing
2.3.3 Subnet Masks
2.3.4 Variable-Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
2.3.5 Broadcast Addresses
2.3.6 IPv6 Addresses and Interface Identifiers
2.4 CIDR and Aggregation
2.4.1 Prefixes
2.4.2 Aggregation
2.5 Special-Use Addresses
2.5.1 Addressing IPv4/IPv6 Translators
2.5.2 Multicast Addresses
2.5.3 IPv4 Multicast Addresses
2.5.4 IPv6 Multicast Addresses
2.5.5 Anycast Addresses
2.6 Allocation
2.6.1 Unicast
2.6.2 Multicast
2.7 Unicast Address Assignment
2.7.1 Single Provider/No Network/Single Address
2.7.2 Single Provider/Single Network/Single Address
2.7.3 Single Provider/Multiple Networks/Multiple Addresses
2.7.4 Multiple Providers/Multiple Networks/Multiple Addresses
(Multihoming)
Contents xvii
2.8 Attacks Involving IP Addresses
2.9 Summary
2.10 References
Chapter 3 Link Layer
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ethernet and the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards
3.2.1 The IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards
3.2.2 The Ethernet Frame Format
3.2.3 802.1p/q: Virtual LANs and QoS Tagging
3.2.4 802.1AX: Link Aggregation (Formerly 802.3ad)
3.3 Full Duplex, Power Save, Autonegotiation, and 802.1X Flow
Control
3.3.1 Duplex Mismatch
3.3.2 Wake-on LAN (WoL), Power Saving, and Magic Packets
3.3.3 Link-Layer Flow Control
3.4 Bridges and Switches
3.4.1 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
3.4.2 802.1ak: Multiple Registration Protocol (MRP)
3.5 Wireless LANs—IEEE 802.11(Wi-Fi)
3.5.1 802.11 Frames
3.5.2 Power Save Mode and the Time Sync Function (TSF)
3.5.3 802.11 Media Access Control
3.5.4 Physical-Layer Details: Rates, Channels, and
Frequencies
3.5.5 Wi-Fi Security
3.5.6 Wi-Fi Mesh (802.11s)
3.6 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
3.6.1 Link Control Protocol (LCP)
3.6.2 Multi link PPP (MP)
3.6.3 Compression Control Protocol (CCP)
3.6.4 PPP Authentication
3.6.5 Network Control Protocols (NCPs)
3.6.6 Header Compression
3.6.7 Example
3.7 Loopback
3.8 MTU and Path MTU
3.9 Tunneling Basics
3.9.1 Unidirectional Links
x viii Contents
3.10 Attacks on the Link Layer
3.11 Summary
3.12 References
Chapter 4 ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
4.1 Introduction
4.2 An Example
4.2.1 Direct Delivery and ARP
4.3 ARP Cache
4.4 ARP Frame Format
4.5 ARP Examples
4.5.1 Normal Example
4.5.2 ARP Request to a Nonexistent Host
4.6 ARP Cache Timeout
4.7 Proxy ARP
4.8 Gratuitous ARP and Address Conflict Detection (ACD)
4.9 The arp Command
4.10 Using ARP to Set an Embedded Device’s IPv4 Address
4.11 Attacks Involving ARP
4.12 Summary
4.13 References
Chapter 5 The Internet Protocol (IP)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 IPv4 and IPv6 Headers
5.2.1 IP Header Fields
5.2.2 The Internet Checksum
5.2.3 DS Field and ECN (Formerly Called the ToS Byte or IPv6
Traffic Class)
5.2.4 IP Options
5.3 IPv6 Extension Headers
5.3.1 IPv6 Options
5.3.2 Routing Header
5.3.3 Fragment Header
5.4 IP Forwarding
5.4.1 Forwarding Table
5.4.2 IP Forwarding Actions
Contents xix
5.4.3 Examples
5.4.4 Discussion
5.5 Mobile IP
5.5.1 The Basic Model: Bidirectional Tunneling
5.5.2 Route Optimization (RO)
5.5.3 Discussion
5.6 Host Processing of IP Datagrams
5.6.1 Host Models
5.6.2 Address Selection
5.7 Attacks Involving IP
5.8 Summary
5.9 References
Chapter 6 System Configuration: DHCP and Autoconfiguration
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
6.2.1 Address Pools and Leases
6.2.2 DHCP and BOOTP Message Format
6.2.3 DHCP and BOOTP Options
6.2.4 DHCP Protocol Operation
6.2.5 DHCPv6
6.2.6 Using DHCP with Relays
6.2.7 DHCP Authentication
6.2.8 Reconfigure Extension
6.2.9 Rapid Commit
6.2.10 Location Information (LCI and LoST)
6.2.11 Mobility and Handoff Information (MoS and ANDSF)
6.2.12 DHCP Snooping
6.3 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
6.3.1 Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses
6.3.2 IPv6 SLAAC for Link-Local Addresses
6.4 DHCP and DNS Interaction
6.5 PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
6.6 Attacks Involving System Configuration
6.7 Summary
6.8 References
xx Contents
Chapter 7 Firewalls and Network Address Translation (NAT)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Firewalls
7.2.1 Packet-Filtering Firewalls
7.2.2 Proxy Firewalls
7.3 Network Address Translation (NAT)
7.3.1 Traditional NAT: Basic NAT and NAPT
7.3.2 Address and Port Translation Behavior
7.3.3 Filtering Behavior
7.3.4 Servers behind NATs
7.3.5 Hairpinning and NAT Loopback
7.3.6 NAT Editors
7.3.7 Service Provider NAT (SPNAT) and Service Provider IPv
Transition
7.4 NAT Traversal
7.4.1 Pinholes and Hole Punching
7.4.2 UNilateral Self-Address Fixing (UNSAF)
7.4.3 Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)
7.4.4 Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN)
7.4.5 Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE)
7.5 Configuring Packet-Filtering Firewalls and NATs
7.5.1 Firewall Rules
7.5.2 NAT Rules
7.5.3 Direct Interaction with NATs and Firewalls: UPnP,
NAT-PMP,
and PCP
7.6 NAT for IPv4/IPv6 Coexistence and Transition
7.6.1 Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite)
7.6.2 IPv4/IPv6 Translation Using NATs and ALGs
7.7 Attacks Involving Firewalls and NATs
7.8 Summary
7.9 References
Chapter 8 ICMPv4 and ICMPv6: Internet Control Message
Protocol
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Encapsulation in IPv4 and IPv6
8.2 ICMP Messages
8.2.1 ICMPv4 Messages
Contents xxi
8.2.2 ICMPv6 Messages
8.2.3 Processing of ICMP Messages
8.3 ICMP Error Messages
8.3.1 Extended ICMP and Multipart Messages
8.3.2 Destination Unreachable (ICMPv4 Type 3, ICMPv6 Type 1)
and Packet Too Big (ICMPv6 Type 2)
8.3.3 Redirect (ICMPv4 Type 5, ICMPv6 Type 137)
8.3.4 ICMP Time Exceeded (ICMPv4 Type 11, ICMPv6 Type 3)
8.3.5 Parameter Problem (ICMPv4 Type 12, ICMPv6 Type 4)
8.4 ICMP Query/Informational Messages
8.4.1 Echo Request/Reply (ping) (ICMPv4 Types 0/8, ICMPv6
Types
129/128)
8.4.2 Router Discovery: Router Solicitation and Advertisement
(ICMPv4 Types 9, 10)
8.4.3 Home Agent Address Discovery Request/Reply (ICMPv6
Types
144/145)
8.4.4 Mobile Prefix Solicitation/Advertisement (ICMPv6 Types
146/147)
8.4.5 Mobile IPv6 Fast Handover Messages (ICMPv6 Type 154)
8.4.6 Multicast Listener Query/Report/Done (ICMPv6 Types
130/131/132)
8.4.7 Version 2 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLDv2) (ICMPv
Type 143)
8.4.8 Multicast Router Discovery (MRD) (IGMP Types 48/49/50,
ICMPv6 Types 151/152/153)
8.5 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6
8.5.1 ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Advertisement (ICMPv6
Types
133, 134)
8.5.2 ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation and Advertisement (IMCPv6
Types
135, 136)
8.5.3 ICMPv6 Inverse Neighbor Discovery
Solicitation/Advertisement
(ICMPv6 Types 141/142)
8.5.4 Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD)
8.5.5 Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)
8.5.6 ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) Options
8.6 Translating ICMPv4 and ICMPv6
8.6.1 Translating ICMPv4 to ICMPv6
8.6.2 Translating ICMPv6 to ICMPv4
8.7 Attacks Involving ICMP
x xii Contents
8.8 Summary
8.9 References
Chapter 9 Broadcasting and Local Multicasting (IGMP and MLD)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Broadcasting
9.2.1 Using Broadcast Addresses
9.2.2 Sending Broadcast Datagrams
9.3 Multicasting
9.3.1 Converting IP Multicast Addresses to 802 MAC/Ethernet
Addresses
9.3.2 Examples
9.3.3 Sending Multicast Datagrams
9.3.4 Receiving Multicast Datagrams
9.3.5 Host Address Filtering
9.4 The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) and Multicast
Listener
Discovery Protocol (MLD)
9.4.1 IGMP and MLD Processing by Group Members (“Group
Member Part”)
9.4.2 IGMP and MLD Processing by Multicast Routers
(“Multicast
Router Part”)
9.4.3 Examples
9.4.4 Lightweight IGMPv3 and MLDv2
9.4.5 IGMP and MLD Robustness
9.4.6 IGMP and MLD Counters and Variables
9.4.7 IGMP and MLD Snooping
9.5 Attacks Involving IGMP and MLD
9.6 Summary
9.7 References
Chapter 10 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and IP Fragmentation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 UDP Header
10.3 UDP Checksum
10.4 Examples
10.5 UDP and IPv6
10.5.1 Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 through IPv4 Networks
Contents xxiii
10.6 UDP-Lite
10.7 IP Fragmentation
10.7.1 Example: UDP/IPv4 Fragmentation
10.7.2 Reassembly Timeout
10.8 Path MTU Discovery with UDP
10.8.1 Example
10.9 Interaction between IP Fragmentation and ARP/ND
10.10 Maximum UDP Datagram Size
10.10.1 Implementation Limitations
10.10.2 Datagram Truncation
10.11 UDP Server Design
10.11.1 IP Addresses and UDP Port Numbers
10.11.2 Restricting Local IP Addresses
10.11.3 Using Multiple Addresses
10.11.4 Restricting Foreign IP Address
10.11.5 Using Multiple Servers per Port
10.11.6 Spanning Address Families: IPv4 and IPv6
10.11.7 Lack of Flow and Congestion Control
10.12 Translating UDP/IPv4 and UDP/IPv6 Datagrams
10.13 UDP in the Internet
10.14 Attacks Involving UDP and IP Fragmentation
10.15 Summary
10.16 References
Chapter 11 Name Resolution and the Domain Name System (DNS)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The DNS Name Space
11.2.1 DNS Naming Syntax
11.3 Name Servers and Zones
11.4 Caching
11.5 The DNS Protocol
11.5.1 DNS Message Format
11.5.2 The DNS Extension Format (EDNS0)
11.5.3 UDP or TCP
11.5.4 Question (Query) and Zone Section Format
11.5.5 Answer, Authority, and Additional Information Section
Formats
11.5.6 Resource Record Types
x xiv Contents
11.5.7 Dynamic Updates (DNS UPDATE)
11.5.8 Zone Transfers and DNS NOTIFY
11.6 Sort Lists, Round-Robin, and Split DNS
11.7 Open DNS Servers and DynDNS
11.8 Transparency and Extensibility
11.9 Translating DNS from IPv4 to IPv6 (DNS64)
11.10 LLMNR and mDNS
11.11 LDAP
11.12 Attacks on the DNS
11.13 Summary
11.14 References
Chapter 12 TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol
(Preliminaries)
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 ARQ and Retransmission
12.1.2 Windows of Packets and Sliding Windows
12.1.3 Variable Windows: Flow Control and Congestion Control
12.1.4 Setting the Retransmission Timeout
12.2 Introduction to TCP
12.2.1 The TCP Service Model
12.2.2 Reliability in TCP
12.3 TCP Header and Encapsulation
12.4 Summary
12.5 References
Chapter 13 TCP Connection Management
13.1 Introduction
13.2 TCP Connection Establishment and Termination
13.2.1 TCP Half-Close
13.2.2 Simultaneous Open and Close
13.2.3 Initial Sequence Number (ISN)
13.2.4 Example
13.2.5 Timeout of Connection Establishment
13.2.6 Connections and Translators
13.3 TCP Options
13.3.1 Maximum Segment Size (MSS) Option
Contents xxv
13.3.2 Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) Options
13.3.3 Window Scale (WSCALE or WSOPT) Option
13.3.4 Timestamps Option and Protection against Wrapped
Sequence Numbers (PAWS)
13.3.5 User Timeout (UTO) Option
13.3.6 Authentication Option (TCP-AO)
13.4 Path MTU Discovery with TCP
13.4.1 Example
13.5 TCP State Transitions
13.5.1 TCP State Transition Diagram
13.5.2 TIME_WAIT (2MSL Wait) State
13.5.3 Quiet Time Concept
13.5.4 FIN_WAIT_2 State
13.5.5 Simultaneous Open and Close Transitions
13.6 Reset Segments
13.6.1 Connection Request to Nonexistent Port
13.6.2 Aborting a Connection
13.6.3 Half-Open Connections
13.6.4 TIME-WAIT Assassination (TWA)
13.7 TCP Server Operation
13.7.1 TCP Port Numbers
13.7.2 Restricting Local IP Addresses
13.7.3 Restricting Foreign Endpoints
13.7.4 Incoming Connection Queue
13.8 Attacks Involving TCP Connection Management
13.9 Summary
13.10 References
Chapter 14 TCP Timeout and Retransmission
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Simple Timeout and Retransmission Example
14.3 Setting the Retransmission Timeout (RTO)
14.3.1 The Classic Method
14.3.2 The Standard Method
14.3.3 The Linux Method
14.3.4 RTT Estimator Behaviors
14.3.5 RTTM Robustness to Loss and Reordering
x xvi Contents
14.4 Timer-Based Retransmission
14.4.1 Example
14.5 Fast Retransmit
14.5.1 Example
14.6 Retransmission with Selective Acknowledgments
14.6.1 SACK Receiver Behavior
14.6.2 SACK Sender Behavior
14.6.3 Example
14.7 Spurious Timeouts and Retransmissions
14.7.1 Duplicate SACK (DSACK) Extension
14.7.2 The Eifel Detection Algorithm
14.7.3 Forward-RTO Recovery (F-RTO)
14.7.4 The Eifel Response Algorithm
14.8 Packet Reordering and Duplication
14.8.1 Reordering
14.8.2 Duplication
14.9 Destination Metrics
14.10 Repacketization
14.11 Attacks Involving TCP Retransmission
14.12 Summary
14.13 References
Chapter 15 TCP Data Flow and Window Management
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Interactive Communication
15.3 Delayed Acknowledgments
15.4 Nagle Algorithm
15.4.1 Delayed ACK and Nagle Algorithm Interaction
15.4.2 Disabling the Nagle Algorithm
15.5 Flow Control and Window Management
15.5.1 Sliding Windows
15.5.2 Zero Windows and the TCP Persist Timer
15.5.3 Silly Window Syndrome (SWS)
15.5.4 Large Buffers and Auto-Tuning
15.6 Urgent Mechanism
15.6.1 Example
15.7 Attacks Involving Window Management
Contents xxvii
15.8 Summary
15.9 References
Chapter 16 TCP Congestion Control
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Detection of Congestion in TCP
16.1.2 Slowing Down a TCP Sender
16.2 The Classic Algorithms
16.2.1 Slow Start
16.2.2 Congestion Avoidance
16.2.3 Selecting between Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance
16.2.4 Tahoe, Reno, and Fast Recovery
16.2.5 Standard TCP
16.3 Evolution of the Standard Algorithms
16.3.1 NewReno
16.3.2 TCP Congestion Control with SACK
16.3.3 Forward Acknowledgment (FACK) and Rate Halving
16.3.4 Limited Transmit
16.3.5 Congestion Window Validation (CWV)
16.4 Handling Spurious RTOs—the Eifel Response Algorithm
16.5 An Extended Example
16.5.1 Slow Start Behavior
16.5.2 Sender Pause and Local Congestion (Event 1)
16.5.3 Stretch ACKs and Recovery from Local Congestion
16.5.4 Fast Retransmission and SACK Recovery (Event 2)
16.5.5 Additional Local Congestion and Fast Retransmit Events
16.5.6 Timeouts, Retransmissions, and Undoing cwnd Changes
16.5.7 Connection Completion
16.6 Sharing Congestion State
16.7 TCP Friendliness
16.8 TCP in High-Speed Environments
16.8.1 HighSpeed TCP (HSTCP) and Limited Slow Start
16.8.2 Binary Increase Congestion Control (BIC and CUBIC)
16.9 Delay-Based Congestion Control
16.9.1 Vegas
16.9.2 FAST
x xviii Contents
16.9.3 TCP Westwood and Westwood+
16.9.4 Compound TCP
16.10 Buffer Bloat
16.11 Active Queue Management and ECN
16.12 Attacks Involving TCP Congestion Control
16.13 Summary
16.14 References
Chapter 17 TCP Keepalive
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Description
17.2.1 Keepalive Examples
17.3 Attacks Involving TCP Keepalives
17.4 Summary
17.5 References
Chapter 18 Security: EAP, IPsec, TLS, DNSSEC, and DKIM
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basic Principles of Information Security
18.3 Threats to Network Communication
18.4 Basic Cryptography and Security Mechanisms
18.4.1 Cryptosystems
18.4.2 Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman (RSA) Public Key
Cryptography
18.4.3 Diffie-Hellman-Merkle Key Agreement (aka Diffie-Hellman or
DH)
18.4.4 Signcryption and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
18.4.5 Key Derivation and Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS)
18.4.6 Pseudorandom Numbers, Generators, and Function
Families
18.4.7 Nonces and Salt
18.4.8 Cryptographic Hash Functions and Message Digests
18.4.9 Message Authentication Codes (MACs, HMAC, CMAC, and
GMAC)
18.4.10 Cryptographic Suites and Cipher Suites
18.5 Certificates, Certificate Authorities (CAs), and PKIs
18.5.1 Public Key Certificates, Certificate Authorities, and
X.509
18.5.2 Validating and Revoking Certificates
18.5.3 Attribute Certificates
Contents xxix
18.6 TCP/IP Security Protocols and Layering
18.7 Network Access Control: 802.1X, 802.1AE, EAP, and PANA
18.7.1 EAP Methods and Key Derivation
18.7.2 The EAP Re-authentication Protocol (ERP)
18.7.3 Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access
(PANA)
18.8 Layer 3 IP Security (IPsec)
18.8.1 Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol
18.8.2 Authentication Header (AH)
18.8.3 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
18.8.4 Multicast
18.8.5 L2TP/IPsec
18.8.6 IPsec NAT Traversal
18.8.7 Example
18.9 Transport Layer Security (TLS and DTLS)
18.9.1 TLS 1.2
18.9.2 TLS with Datagrams (DTLS)
18.10 DNS Security (DNSSEC)
18.10.1 DNSSEC Resource Records
18.10.2 DNSSEC Operation
18.10.3 Transaction Authentication (TSIG, TKEY, and SIG(0))
18.10.4 DNSSEC with DNS64
18.11 DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)
18.11.1 DKIM Signatures
18.11.2 Example
18.12 Attacks on Security Protocols
18.13 Summary
18.14 References
Glossary of Acronyms
Index

章節(jié)摘錄

版權(quán)頁：   插圖：    1.1.2 The End-to-End Argument and Fate Sharing When large systems such as an operating system or protocol suite are being designed, a question often arises as to where a particular feature or function should be placed. One of the most important principles that influenced the design of the TCP/IP suite is called the end-to-end argument （SRC84）: The function in question can completely and correctly be implemented only with the knowledge and help of the application standing at the end points of the communication system. Therefore, providing that questioned function as a feature of the communication itself is not possible. （Sometimes an incomplete version of the function provided by the communication system may be useful as a performance enhancement.） This argument may seem fairly straightforward upon first reading but can have profound implications for communication system design. It argues that correctness and completeness can be achieved only by involving the application or ultimate user of the communication system. Efforts to correctly implement what the application is "likely" to need are doomed to incompleteness. In short, this principle argues that important functions （e.g., error control, encryption, delivery acknowledgment） should usually not be implemented at low levels （or layers; see Section 1.2.1） of large systems. However, low levels may provide capabilities that make the job of the endpoints somewhat easier and consequently may improve performance. A nuanced reading reveals that this argument suggests that lowlevel functions should not aim for perfection because a perfect guess at what the application may require is unlikely to be possible. The end-to-end argument tends to support a design with a "dumb" network and "smart" systems connected to the network. This is what we see in the TCP/IP design, where many functions （e.g., methods to ensure that data is not lost, controlling the rate at which a sender sends） are implemented in the end hosts where the applications reside. The selection of which functions are implemented together in the same computer or network or software stack is the subject of another related principle known as fate sharing （C88）. Fate sharing suggests placing all the necessary state to maintain an active communication association （e.g., virtual connection） at the same location with the communicating endpoints. With this reasoning, the only type of failure that destroys communication is one that also destroys one or more of the endpoints, which obviously destroys the overall communication anyhow. Fate sharing is one of the design philosophies that allows virtual connections （e.g., those implemented by TCP） to remain active even if connectivity within the network has failed for a （modest） period of time. Fate sharing also supports a "dumb network with smart end hosts" model and one of the ongoing tensions in today's Internet is what functions reside in the network and what functions do not. 1.1.3 Error Control and Flow Control There are some circumstances where data within a network gets damaged or lost. This can be for a variety of reasons such as hardware problems, radiation that modifies bits while being transmitted, being out of range in a wireless network, and other factors. Dealing with such errors is called error control, and it can be implemented in the systems constituting the network infrastructure, or in the systems that attach to the network, or some combination. Naturally, the end-to-end argument and fate sharing would suggest that error control be implemented close to or within applications. Usually, if a small number of bit errors are of concern, a number of mathemati cal codes can be used to detect and repair the bit errors when data is received or while it is in transit （LC04）. This task is routinely performed within the network. When more severe damage occurs in a packet network, entire packets are usu ally resent or retransmitted. In circuit-switched or VC-switched networks such as X.25, retransmission tends to be done inside the network. This may work well for applications that require strict in-order, error-free delivery of their data, but some applications do not require this capability and do not wish to pay the costs （such as connection establishment and potential retransmission delays） to have their data reliably delivered. Even a reliable file transfer application does not really care in what order the chunks of file data are delivered, provided it is eventually satis fied that all chunks are delivered without errors and can be reassembled back into the original order. As an alternative to the overhead of reliable, in-order delivery implemented within the network, a different type of service called best-effort delivery was adopted by Frame Relay and the Internet Protocol. With best-effort delivery, the network does not expend much effort to ensure that data is delivered without errors or gaps. Certain types of errors are usually detected using error-detecting codes or checksums, such as those that might affect where a datagram is directed, but when such errors are detected, the errant datagram is merely discarded without further action.

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“我認(rèn)為本書之所以領(lǐng)先群倫、獨(dú)一無二，是源于其對細(xì)節(jié)的注重和對歷史的關(guān)注。書中介紹了計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的背景知識，并提供了解決不斷演變的網(wǎng)絡(luò)問題的各種方法。本書一直在不懈努力以獲得精確的答案和探索剩余的問題域。對于致力于完善和保護(hù)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)運(yùn)營或探究解決長期存在問題的可選方案的工程師，本書提供的見解將是無價(jià)的。作者對當(dāng)今互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的全面闡述和透徹分析是值得稱贊的?！?—Vint Cerf, 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)先驅(qū)對本書第2版的評論：    本書第1版自1994年出版以來，深受讀者歡迎。但是時(shí)至今日，第1版的內(nèi)容有些已經(jīng)比較陳舊，而且沒有涉及IPv6?，F(xiàn)在，這部世界領(lǐng)先的TCP/IP暢銷書已經(jīng)被徹底更新，反映了新一代基于TCP/IP的網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。這本書仍保留了Stevens卓越的寫作風(fēng)格，簡明、清晰，并且可以快速找到要點(diǎn)。這本書雖然超過一千頁，但是并不啰嗦，每章解釋一個(gè)協(xié)議或概念，復(fù)雜的TCP被分散到多章。我很欣賞本書的一個(gè)地方是每章都描述了已有的針對協(xié)議的攻擊方法。如果你必須自己實(shí)現(xiàn)這些協(xié)議，并且不希望自己和前人一樣遭受同樣的攻擊，這些信息將是無價(jià)的。這本書是日常工作中經(jīng)常和TCP/IP打交道或進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)軟件開發(fā)的人必需的，即使你的工作并不基于IP協(xié)議，這本書仍然包含很多你可以用到的好想法?！薄訟mazon讀者評論對本書第1版的贊譽(yù)：    這本書必定是TCP/IP開發(fā)人員和用戶的圣經(jīng)。在我拿到本書并開始閱讀的數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)，我就遇到了多個(gè)曾經(jīng)困擾我的同事及我本人許久的難題，Stevens清晰和明確的闡述讓我豁然開朗。他揭秘了此前一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)專家諱莫如深的許多奧妙。我本人參與過幾年TCP/IP的實(shí)現(xiàn)工作，以我的觀點(diǎn)，這本書堪稱目前最詳盡的參考書了。 ——Robert A. Ciampa，3COM公司網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程師  《TCP/IP詳解 卷1》對于開發(fā)人員、網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理員以及任何需要理解TCP/IP技術(shù)的人來說，都是極好的參考書。內(nèi)容非常全面，既能提供足夠的技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)滿足專家的需要，同時(shí)也為新手準(zhǔn)備了足夠的背景知識和相關(guān)注解。——Bob Williams，NetManage公司營銷副總裁

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《TCP/IP詳解(卷1):協(xié)議(英文版?第2版)》適合任何希望理解TCP/IP協(xié)議如何實(shí)現(xiàn)的人閱讀，更是TCP/IP領(lǐng)域研究人員和開發(fā)人員的權(quán)威參考書。無論你是初學(xué)者還是功底深厚的網(wǎng)絡(luò)領(lǐng)域高手，《TCP/IP詳解(卷1):協(xié)議(英文版?第2版)》都是案頭必備，將幫助你更深入和直觀地理解整個(gè)協(xié)議族，構(gòu)建更好的應(yīng)用和運(yùn)行更可靠、更高效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

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