音系學(xué)通解

前言

　　There are about 6000 languages in the world today．Almost certainly，no two of tham have the same sound structure：they vary widely in the number of consonants and VOW els they have，in their use of tonal contrasts，in their stress patterns，in the shape of their syllables，and so on．At the same time，all these languages show striking similarities in the way they structure their sound systems．Phonology is a thriving field of linguistic research that tries to understand the structure behind these systems．How do these similarities arise?Or again，why is there so much variation?How is our knowledge of the pronunciation of our language represented in our brain?How can we describe thepronunciation of a language?What do people do when they play language games?Why do loanwords often sound so totally different from the way they are pronounced in the donor language?These and many other questions are dealt with in this book．In our dis． cussion，we have tried to sketch the development of scientific thinking about the SOUnd　structure of languages and to take an unbiased view of the cognitive or physiological　nature of the explanations．We hope we have succeeded in this task in at least some　places in the book．a(chǎn)nd have got close enough to this ideal for it to serve as a reliable and relevant introduction to an important and exciting field．　An understanding of phonological theory is impossible without at least some　knowledge of the way speech is produced．Chapter 1 gives the basics of phonetics．It is　a background introductory chapter and so，unlike the other chapters，does not contain exercises．　The exercises are numbered consecutively through the book．A key is provided at the back．　In the interest of our students，we have not followed the otherwise commendable　practice of reporting data from the literature in their original transcriptions、but have used International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)transcriptions(see P．16)throughout．We hope that not too much was lost in these translations．　　This book reflects the thoughts and discoveries of many phonologists．We have learnt to appreciate the value and implications of these theoretical positions not only　by reading their publications，but also by attending their classes and discussing the　issues with them．Needless to say，our debt to them is inestimable．However，we have　not iust attempted to present the materialin a coherent and accessible fashion，but　have at times included original data and analysas．

內(nèi)容概要

　　本書是一部音系理論的教科書，這部教科介紹了以SPE（Cnomsky & Halle 1968）為代表的經(jīng)典生成音系學(xué)至優(yōu)選論幾乎所有得要的音系學(xué)理論，討論了音系學(xué)領(lǐng)域中許多熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，全書每一章都附的思考題和練習(xí)題，正文和紅習(xí)題涉及一百多種語(yǔ)言的材料，作者精心安熱排，突出重點(diǎn)，精選語(yǔ)言材料，行文簡(jiǎn)練，從而使一部二百多面的教科書包含了如此之多的內(nèi)容。　　生成音系學(xué)是當(dāng)代音系學(xué)的主流，這部教產(chǎn)書介紹的理論，基本概念和分析方法主要取之于生成音系學(xué)的研究成果。

書籍目錄

Preface1　The production of speech　1.1  Introduction　1.2  The lungs and the larynx　　1.2.1  The vocal folds: the open and vibrating glottis     1.2.2  Devoicing and aspiration     1.2.3  Special types of phonation     1.2.4  Pitch     1.2.5  The glottal stop　1.3  The vocal tract     1.3.1  The pharynx     1.3.2  The nasal cavity     1.3.3  The mouth　1.4　Vowels　1.5  Constrictions     1.5.1  Places of articulation     1.5.2  Types of constriction　1.6  Segmental duration　1.7  Complex consonants      1.7.1  Secondary articulations      1.7.2  Double articulations      1.7.3  Manner-contourconsonants　1.8  Nonpulmonic consonants　1.9  Stress　1.10　Conclusion2　Some typology: sameness and difference　2.1  Introduction　2.2  Morphosyntactic structure     2.2.1  Morphologicalstructure     2.2.2  Syntactic structure　2.3  A world without phonological structure     2.3.l  One phonology for all languages?     2.3.2  Two kinds of structure　2.4　There's a difference　2.5　Universals and implicational relations　　2.5.1  Plain or special?　　2.5.2  Avoiding complexity　　2.5.3  A word of caution　　2.5.4  Speech ergonomics　　2.5.5  System gaps　2.6　Conclusion3　Making the form fit　3.1  Introduction　3.2  Hawaiian　3.3  Adjustment processes　　3.3.1 The process of nativization　　3.3.2  Adjustments in the native vocabulary　3.4  Two approaches　　3.4.1  Rules　　3.4.2  Constraints　3.5  Choosing between rules and constraints　　3.5.1  Gradient violation and unranked constraints　3.6  Conclusion4　Underlying and surface representations　4.1  Introduction　4.2  Allophonic variation　4.3  Two levels of representation　4.4  Neutralization　4.5  Choosing the underlying form　4.6  Conclusion5　Distinctive features　5.1  Introduction　5.2  Motivating distinctive features　5.3  Feature values　5.4  A set of distinctive features　　5.4.1  Major-class features　　5.4.2  Laryngeal features　　5.4.3  Manner features　　5.4.4  Ambiguity and nonspecification　5.5  Place features　　5.5.1  Labial　　5.5.2. Coronal　　5.5.3  Dorsal　　5.5.4  Radical　……6　Orderde rules7  A case study:the diminutive suffix in Dutch8  Levels of representation9  Representing tone10  Between the segment and the syllable11  Feature geometry12  Exploiting the feature tree13  Stress and feet14  Further constraining stress15  Phonology above the wordEpilogueKey to questionsReferencesLanguage indexSubject index

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