句子語義學(xué)

內(nèi)容概要

司聯(lián)合博士的《句子語義學(xué)》提出了與還原主義方法不同的一種新的方法。司聯(lián)合根據(jù)中國(guó)科學(xué)院聲學(xué)研究所黃曾陽提出的概念層次網(wǎng)絡(luò)(hierarchical network of concepts，HNC)理論，使用函數(shù)和演繹推理的方法來研究句子的語義。 司聯(lián)合根據(jù)特征語義塊描述作用效應(yīng)鏈的環(huán)節(jié)的多少，來劃分簡(jiǎn)單句(simple sentence)與繁復(fù)句(multiple sentence)。他指出：只描述一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的句子形成簡(jiǎn)單句，它們的類型稱為基本句類，而描述兩個(gè)以上的環(huán)節(jié)的句子就形成繁復(fù)句，句子中有兩個(gè)以上的特征語義塊的也可以形成繁復(fù)句。在繁復(fù)句的研究中，司聯(lián)合采用了Leech的觀點(diǎn)，把繁復(fù)句分為并列句、復(fù)合句和混合句，而混合句又可以進(jìn)一步分為并列-復(fù)合句和復(fù)合-并列句。這樣，就可以從語義角度，而不是語法角度，對(duì)句子的語義進(jìn)行研究。

書籍目錄

Preface序言Chapter OneIntroduction1.1Introduction1.2Lexica! Semantics and Word Meaning1.3Sentence Semantics1.3.1Situation Types1.3.2Tense1.3.3Aspect1.3.4Mood and Modality1.3.5Voice1.3.6Thematic Roles1.4Sentence Meaning1.4.1Word Meaning and Sentence Meaning1.4.2Sentence Meaning and Utterance Meaning and Propositional Meaning1.4.3Sentence Patterns, Sentence Types and Sentence Categories1.5Significance of the Book1.6Methodology and Corpus1.7Organization of the BookChapter TwoInterpretations of Sentence Meaning2.1Introduction2.2Katz' Semantic Theory2.3Montague Grammar2.4Leech's Semantic Structures of Sentences2.4.1Predications, Predicats, and Arguments2.4.2n-place Predicates2.4.3Predication Analysis2.4.4Subordinate Predication2.4.5Downgraded or 'Featurized' Predication2.5Logical Semantics on Sentence Meaning2.6Jackendoff's Conceptual Semantics2.7Huang's Hierarchical Network of Concepts (HNC)2.8The Theoretical Framework of Sentence Meaning2.8.1Theoretical Framework2.8.2Huang's Hypothesis of Semantic Chunks and Sentences2.8.3Si's Hypothesis of Sentence Meaning2.8.4Expressions of Semantic Chunks2.8.5Semantic Situation InformationChapter ThreePreliminaries3.1Introduction3.2Semantic Chunks (including E chunk and JKs)3.2.1Constituents of Chunks3.2.2Types of Semantic Chunks3.2.3Semantic Chunks and Phrases3.2.4Constiuents of Sentences3.2.5Seven Sentence Categories3.2.6Concept Knowledge3.2.7EChunk3.2.8JKs (juzi kuai)3.2.9How to Segment and Combine Chunks3.3Three Semantic Networks3.3.1Semantic Network of Primitive Concepts3.3.2Semantic Network of Basic Concepts3.3.3Semantic Network of Logical Concepts3.4Semantic Primitives3.5Semantic Structural Equation (SSE)3.6Linguistic and Philosophical Bases3.7ConceptsChapter FourSimple Sentences4.1Introduction4.2Action Sentences (XJs)4.2.1General Action Sentences4.2.2Beating Sentences4.2.3Reaction Sentences4.2.4Remitting Sentences4.2.5Binding Sentences4.3Process Sentences (PJs)4.3.1General Process Sentences4.3.2Basic Process Sentences4.3.3Sketch Sentences4.3.4Cause-effect & Effect-cause Sentences 4.4Transfer Sentences (TJs)4.4.1Introduction4.4.2General Transfer Sentences4.4.3Substance Transfer Sentences4.4.4Informational Transfer Sentences4.4.5General Incept Sentences4.4.6Pertinent Incept Sentences4.4.7Transmitting Sentences4.4.8Self-transfer Sentences4.4.9Exchange Sentences4.4.10Substitute Sentences and Transformational Sentences4.5Effect Sentences (YJs)4.5.1Introduction4.5.2General Effect Sentences4.5.3Basic Effect Sentences4.5.4Bi-objects Effect Sentences4.5.5Action-effect Sentences4.6Relation Sentences (RJs)4.6.1Introduction4.6.2Bi-directional Relation Sentences4.6.3Extended Bi-directional Relation Sentences4.6.4Basic Main and Subordinate Relation Sentences4.6.5Extended Main and Subordinate Relation Sentences4.7State Sentences (SJs)4.7.1Introduction4.7.2General State Sentences4.7.3Basic State Sentences4.7.4Bi-permutation State Sentences4.7.5Tri-permutation State Sentences4.7.6Concise State Sentences4.8Decision Sentences (DJs)4.8.1Introduction4.8.2General State Sentences4.8.3Chunk-extended Decision Sentences4.8.4Basic Decision Sentences4.8.5Comparative Decision Sentences4.8.6Concise Decision Sentences4.8.7Concise Situational Decision SentencesChapter FiveMultiple Sentences5.1Introduction5.2Compound Sentences5.3Complex Sentences5.4Mixed Sentences5.4.1Complex-Compound Sentences5.4.2Compound-complex Sentences5.5SummaryChapter Six Conclusions6.1Contributions and Implications of This Research6.2Some Issues Worthy of Further StudyBibliographyAppendix I: List of Nodes for Concepts in Semantic NetworksAppendix II: Expressions of Basic Sentence Categories

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Speech act theory was developed by the Oxford philosopher J. L. Austin whose work was How to do Things with Words （1975）. J. R. Searle has also made great contributions to speech acts. Austin proposed that communicating a speech act consists of three elements： the speaker says something， the speaker signals an associated speech act， and the speech act causes an effect on his listeners or the participants. He called the first element the locutionary act： the act of uttering a sentence with a certain meaning. The second element was called illocutionary act， a sentence is uttered to constitute an actof praise， criticism， agreement， etc. The third element was calledperlocutionary act： the speaker may have uttered the sentence he didutter to achieve a certain consequent response from his hearer —— suchas to frighten him， to amuse him， to get him to d　　something. Thedistinction between the illocutionary act and the perlocutionary act isimportant： the former is the consequent effect on the hearer which thespeaker intends should follow from his utterance， and such acts arenot normally regarded as relevant to a linguistic account of meaning，while the latter are not consequences of locutionary acts， but anintegral part of the utterance： it is what the speaker wanted hisutterance as. We can draw the three-fold distinction as follows： aspeaker utters sentences with a particular meaning （locutionary act），and with a particular force （illocutionary act）， in order to achieve acertain effect on the hearer （perlocutionary act ）.

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