系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)

前言

This may sound like common sense, but unfortunately, many projects arestarted without a clear understanding of how the system will improve the business.The IS field is filled with thousands ofbuzzwords, fads, and trends （e.g., customerrelationship management [CRM], radio frequency identification [RFID], mobilecommerce, data mining）. The promise of these innovations can appear so attractivethat organizations begin projects even if they are not sure what value they offer,because they believe that the technologies are somehow important in their ownright. A 2004 survey by the Standish Group found that just 28% of all corporate ISprojects are successful. Most times, problems can be traced back to the very begin-ning of the SDLC where too little attention was given to identifying the businessvalue and understanding the risks associated with the project.Does this mean that technical people should not recommend new systemsprojects？ Absolutely not. In fact, the ideal situation is for both IT people （i.e., theexperts in systems） and the business people （i.e., the experts in business） to workclosely to find ways for technology to support business needs. In this way, organi-zations can leverage the exciting technologies that are available while ensuring thatprojects are based upon real business objectives, such as increasing sales, improv-ing customer service, and decreasing operating expenses. Ultimately, informationsystems need to affect the organization's bottom line （in a positive way?。?In general, a project is a set of activities with a starting point and an endingpoint meant to create a system that brings value to the business. Project initiationbegins when someone （or some group） in the organization （called the project spon-sor） identifies some business value that can be gained from using information tech-nology. The proposed project is described briefly using a technique called the sys-tem request, which is submitted to an approval committee for consideration. Theapproval committee reviews the system request and makes an initial determination,based on the information provided, of whether to investigate the proposed projector not. If so, the next step is the feasibility analysis.

內(nèi)容概要

　　本書是“系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)”課程的經(jīng)典教材，講授了系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)的基本理論和知識(shí)點(diǎn)，同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)在實(shí)際項(xiàng)目中的應(yīng)用以及其中的核心技能。全書共分為4個(gè)部分，以整個(gè)信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期為主線，詳細(xì)探討了規(guī)劃、分析、設(shè)計(jì)及實(shí)施4個(gè)階段的活動(dòng)。此外，書中還涵蓋了項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)中需要的各種角色和技能，以及面向?qū)ο蠹夹g(shù)，并介紹了UML的主要元素?！　”緯m合作為高等院校計(jì)算機(jī)、信息系統(tǒng)等相關(guān)專業(yè)的本科生和研究生教材，也可供一些軟件開發(fā)人員尤其是系統(tǒng)分析師閱讀。

作者簡介

丹尼斯（Alan Dennis），世界著名的信息系統(tǒng)專家?，F(xiàn)任美國印第安納大學(xué)凱利商學(xué)院信息系統(tǒng)系教授。主要研究領(lǐng)域是團(tuán)隊(duì)管理、知識(shí)管理和因特網(wǎng)。他有20多年軟件開發(fā)經(jīng)歷，先后擔(dān)任過程序員、高級(jí)系統(tǒng)分析師、項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理和軟件公司總裁等職，還曾任IBM、波音等公司的顧問?，F(xiàn)任Joumal of Management Information Systenls編委、MIS Quarterly副主編。他的Business Data Communications and Networking一書也是北美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)教材。威客瑟姆（Barbara Haley Wixom），美國弗吉尼亞大學(xué)Mclntire商學(xué)院副教授數(shù)據(jù)倉庫和商務(wù)智能領(lǐng)域?qū)＜摇，F(xiàn)任Business Intelligence Journal副主編。曾擔(dān)任美國大陸航空、3M等著名公司的顧問。羅思（Roberta M.Roth），美國北艾奧瓦大學(xué)副教授。主要教學(xué)和研究領(lǐng)域包括系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)、基于Web的IT教育。

書籍目錄

CHAPTER I　INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN　1Introduction　2The Systems Development Life Cycle　4　Planning　6　Analysis　6　Design　7　Implementation　7Systems Development Methodologies　8　Structured Design　10　RapidApplication Development (RAD)　12　Agile Development　16　Selecting the Appropriate Development Methodology　18Project Team Skills and Roles　20　Business Analyst　21　Systems Analyst　22　Infrastructure Analyst　22　Change Management Analyst　22　Project Manager　23Summary　23PART ONE　PLANNING PHASE　29CHAPTER 2　PROJECT INITIATION　31Introduction　32ProJect Identification　33　System Request　35　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　36Feasibility Analysis　39　Technical Feasibility　39　Economic Feasibility　40　Organizational Feasibility　46　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　49ProJect Selection　52　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　53Summary　55CHAPTER 3　PROJECT MANAGEMENT　61Introduction　62Identifying Project Size　62　Function Point Approach　64Creating and Managing the Workplan　70　Identify Tasks　70　The Project Workplan　72　Gantt Chart　72　PERT Chart　74　Refining Estimates　75　Scope Management　77　Timeboxing　78Staffing the Project　79　Staffing Plan　79　Motivation　82　Handling Conflict　83Coordinating Project Activities　84　CASE Tools　84　Standards　85　Documentation　86　Managing Risk　87Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　89　Staffing the Project　92　Coordinating Project Activities　93Summary　93PART TWO　ANALYSIS PHASE　99CHAPTER 4　REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION　101Introduction　102Requirements Determination　103　what is a Requirement?　103　Requirements Definition　106　Determining Requirements　107　Creating the Requirements Definition　108Requirements Analysis Techniques　108　Business Process Automation　109　Business Process Improvement　110　Business Process Reen gineering　113　Comparing Analysis Techniques　114Requirements-Gathering Techniques　116　Requirements-Gathering in Practice　117　Interviews　118　JointApplication Development (JAD)　125　Questionnaires　128　Document Analysis　131　Observation　133　Selecting the Appropriate Techniques　134Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　136　Requirements Analysis Techniques　136　Requirements-Gathering Techniques　136　Requirements Definition　137　System Proposal　138Summary　139CHAPTER 5　USE CASE ANALYSIS　143Introduction　148Use Cases　149　Elements of a Use Case　149　Building Use Cases　151Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　155　Identifying the Major Use Cases　155　Identifying the Major Steps for Each Use Case　158　Identifying the Elements within Steps　162　Confirming the Use Case　162　Revising the Requirements Definition　166Summary　166CHAPTER 6　PROCESS MODELING　171Introduction　172Data Flow Diagrams　172　Reading Data Flow Diagrams　172　Elements of Data Flow Diagrams　174　Using Data Flow Diagrams to Define Business Processes　176　Process Descriptions　180Creating Data Flow Diagrams　180　Creating the Context Diagram　182　Creating Data Flow Diagram Fragments　182　Creating the Level 0 Flow Diagram　184　Creating Level I Data Flow Diagrams (and Below)　185　Validating the Data Flow Diagrams　188Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　191　Creating the Context Diagram　192　Creating Data Flow Diagram Fragments　192　Creating the Level 0 Data Flow Diagram　193　Creating Level I Data Flow Diagrams (and Below)　194　Validating the Data Flow Diagrams　198Summary　198Appendix A: Process Modeling at Custom MetalWorks　202CHAPTER 7　DATA MODELING　211Introduction　212The Entity Relationship Diagram　212　Reading an Entity Relationship Diagram　213　Elements of an Entity Relationship Diagram　214　The Data Dictionary and Metadata　219Creating an Entity Relationship Diagram　220　Building Entity Relationship Diagrams　221　Advanced Syntax　224　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　227Validating and ERD　230　Design Guidelines　230　Normalization　233　Balancing Entity Relationship Diagrams with Data Flow Diagrams　238Summary　240Appendix A: Data Modeling at Custom MetalWorks　245PART THREE　DESIGN PHASE　251CHAPTER 8　MOVING INTO DESIGN　255Introduction　254Transition from Requirements to Design　254System Acquisition Strategies　257　Custom Development　257　Packaged Softwa re　258　Outsourcing　260Influences on Acquisition Strategy　261　Business Need　262　In-house Experience　262　Project Skills　263　Project Management　263　Time Frame　264Selecting an Acquisition Strategy　264　Alternative Matrix　265　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　267Summary　269CHAPTER 9　ARCHITEcTuRE DESIGN　273Introduction　274Elements of an Architecture Design　274　Architectural Components　274　Server-Based Architectures　275　Client-Based Architectures　275　Client-Server Architectures　276　Client-Server Tiers　278　Comparing Architecture Options　280Creating an Architecture Design　282　Operational Requirements　283　Performance Requirements　284　Security Requirements　286　Cultural and Political Requirements　291　Designing the Architecture　293Hardware and Software Specification　295Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　297　Creating an Architecture Design　297　Hardware and Software Specification　300Summary　300CHAPTER 10　USER INTERFACE DESIGN　305Introduction　306Principles for User Interface Design　306　Layout　307　Content Awareness　309　Aesthetics　311　User Experience　313　Consistency　314　Minim ize Us er Effo rit　314User Interface Design Process　315　Use Scenario Development　316　Interface Structure Design　317　Interface Standards Design　319　Interface Design Prototyping　321　Interface Evaluation　323Navigation Design　325　Basic Principles　325　Types of Navigation Controls　326　Messages　330Input Design　331　Basic Principles　331　Types of Inputs　334　Input Validation　334Output Design　337　Basic Principles　337　Types of outputs　340　Media　340Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　342　Use Scenario Development　342　Interface Structure Design　342　Interface Standards Design　346　Interface Template Design　346　DesignPrototyping　347　Interface Evaluation　348Summary　348CHAPTER 11　PROGRAM DESIGN　357Introduction　358Moving from Logical to Physical Process Models　358　The Physical Data Flow Diagram　358　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　362Designing Programs　363Structure Chart　366　Syntax　366　Building the Structure Chart　369　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　372　Design Guidelines　376Program Specification　382　Syntax　382　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　385Summary　388CHAPTER 12　DATA STORAGE DESIGN397Introduction　398Data Storage Formats　398　Files　399　Databases　401　Selecting a Storage Format　407　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　409Moving from Logical to Physical Data Models　410　The Physical Entity Relationship Diagram　410　Revisiting the CRUD Matrix　414　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　414Optimizing Data Storage　416　Optimizing Storage Efficiency　417　Optimizing Access Speed　419　Estimating Storage Size　424　Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　426Summary　428PART FOUR　IMPLEMENTATION PHASE　435CHAPTER 13　MOVING INTO IMPLEMENTATION　437Introduction　438Managing the Programming Process　438　Assigning Programming Tasks　438　Coordinating A ctivities　439　Managing the Schedule　440Testing　441　Test Planning　442　Unit Tests　445　Integration Tests　445　System Tests　447　Acceptance Tests　447Developing Documentation　447　Types of Documentation　449　Designing Documentation Structure　449　Writing Documentation Topics　451　Identifying Navigation Terms　452Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　454　Managing Programming　454　Testing　454　Developing User Documentation　457Summary　458CHAPTER 14　TRANSITION TO THE NEW SYSTEM　463Introduction　464Making the Transition to the New System　464The Migration Plan　465　Selecting a Conversion Strategy　466　Preparing a Business Contingency Plan　470　Preparing the Technology　472　Preparing People for the New System　473　Understanding Resistance to Change　473　Revising Management Policies　475　Assessing Costs and Benefits　476　Motivating Adoption　478　Enabling Adoption: Training　480Postimplementation Activities　482　System Support　482　System Maintenance　483　Project Assessment　486Applying the Concepts at CD Selections　488　Implementation Process　488　Preparing the People　489　Postimplementation Activities　489Summary　489CHAPTER 15　THE MOVEMENT TO OBJECTS　495Introduction　496Basic Characteristics of Object-Oriented Systems　497　Classes and Objects　497　Methods and Messages　498　Encapsulation and Information Hiding　498　Inheritance　499　Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding　500Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design　502　Use Case Driven　502　Architecture Centric　503　Iterative and Incremental　503　Benefits of Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design　503Unified Modeling Language Version 2.0　504　The Rational Unified Process (RUP)　506　Four Fundamental UML Diagrams　506Use Case Diagram　507　Elements of a Use Case Diagram　509　Creating a Use Case Diagram　512Class Diagram　514　Elements of a Class Diagram　515　Simplifying Class Diagrams　520　Creating a Class Diagram　521Sequence Diagram　525　Creating a Sequence Diagram　526Behavioral State Machine Diagram　529　Elements of a Behavioral State Machine Diagram　530　Creating a Behavioral State Machine Diagram　531Summary　533INDEX  541

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：Systems Analysis and Design （SAD） is an exciting, active field in which analystscontinually learn new techniques and approaches to develop systems more effec-tively and efficiently. However there is a core set of skills that all analysts need toknow——no matter what approach or methodology is used. All information systemsprojects move through the four phases of planning, analysis, design, and imple-mentation; all projects require analysts to gather requirements, model the businessneeds, and create blueprints for how the system should be built; and all projectsrequire an understanding of organizational behavior concepts like change manage-ment and team building.This book captures the dynamic aspects of the field by keeping studentsfocused on doing SAD while presenting the core set of skills that we feel every sys-tems analyst needs to know today and in the future. This book builds on our pro-fessional experience as systems analysts and on our experience in teaching SAD inthe classroom.This book will be of particular interest to instructors who have students do amajor project as part of their course. Each chapter describes one part of the process,provides clear explanations on how to do it, gives a detailed example, and then hasexercises for the students to practice. In this way, students can leave the course withexperience that will form a rich foundation for further work as a systems analyst.

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《系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)(英文版·第3版)》是系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)典著作，也是世界范圍內(nèi)最受歡迎的高校教材之一，被加州大學(xué)伯克利分校、普度大學(xué)、伊利諾伊大學(xué)（UIUC）、華盛頓大學(xué)等眾多名校采用。與一般同類圖書不同的是，《系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)(英文版·第3版)》的作者在學(xué)術(shù)界和工業(yè)界都有著豐富的閱歷。全書的字里行間融入了作者在實(shí)際開發(fā)和分析系統(tǒng)時(shí)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)心得，而且特別強(qiáng)調(diào)通過動(dòng)手實(shí)踐來理解和掌握系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)的精髓。這種實(shí)戰(zhàn)性主要體現(xiàn)在如下兩個(gè)方面：從主題的安排來看，作者通過一個(gè)典型項(xiàng)目逐一闡述計(jì)劃、分析、設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)軟件開發(fā)生命周期中面臨的關(guān)鍵問題，面向?qū)ο蟮母拍钆c技術(shù)貫穿全書始終，專用一章講述UML核心知識(shí)，并涵蓋了UML2.0新版本、敏捷開發(fā)方法等最新內(nèi)容；從小專題的設(shè)置來看，文中給出了來自業(yè)界一線的多個(gè)“實(shí)戰(zhàn)場景”，既講述成功故事，也揭示失敗教訓(xùn)，又給出了許多貼近實(shí)際的案例、模板和小練習(xí)?！断到y(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)(英文版·第3版)》配套網(wǎng)站提供更多小測驗(yàn)題、項(xiàng)目文檔模板、教學(xué)用PPT和相關(guān)的資源鏈接。

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