議論文體中的抽象實(shí)體回指

前言

　　目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)于回指的研究主要是名詞性回指。不同的研究者從不同的角度對(duì)回指現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了研究，如句法、語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)用、認(rèn)知、心理以及人工智能。句法和語(yǔ)義研究主要集中在回指的句法和語(yǔ)義特征上。語(yǔ)言中的結(jié)構(gòu)制約使得不同類(lèi)型的名詞性詞語(yǔ)有不同的句法分布和語(yǔ)義解釋。句法和語(yǔ)義研究者總是用簡(jiǎn)潔精確的形式闡述這些制約規(guī)則。此類(lèi)研究的局限性在于僅僅分析句內(nèi)回指，而實(shí)際上大多數(shù)回指表現(xiàn)在句與句之間，即篇章回指。其使用和理解受語(yǔ)用和認(rèn)知因素的影響。語(yǔ)用和認(rèn)知研究主要說(shuō)明回指語(yǔ)類(lèi)型的選擇受篇章條件的制約，可能具有某些特殊的語(yǔ)用含義。這些研究只局限于回指語(yǔ)的使用方面，很少涉及回指語(yǔ)的理解以及語(yǔ)境對(duì)回指理解和篇章理解的作用。回指的心理研究和人工智能研究則側(cè)重于回指的理解?！　∫陨线@些研究主要針對(duì)名詞性回指，其研究結(jié)果無(wú)法適用于命題和概念做先行語(yǔ)的回指，即抽象實(shí)體回指。目前對(duì)于抽象實(shí)體回指的部分現(xiàn)象學(xué)者略有局部或零散的提及。如Chu（1998）區(qū)分了廣義回指和狹義回指，把動(dòng)詞回指、副詞回指和小句回指歸入廣義回指；許余龍（2002）給回指分類(lèi)時(shí)也提到這種回指；Cornish（1986）和Webber（1988）也扼要地分析過(guò)句子回指；Kamp（1981）的“語(yǔ)篇表征理論（DRT）”從動(dòng)態(tài)的角度研究抽象實(shí)體回指中的個(gè)別現(xiàn)象。不過(guò)這些學(xué)者只是在研究具體事物回指時(shí)偶爾提及屬于抽象實(shí)體回指的一些現(xiàn)象，并未對(duì)此做過(guò)深入系統(tǒng)的研究。當(dāng)前只有Asher（1993）提出的“語(yǔ)段表征理論（SDRT）”專(zhuān)門(mén)用于抽象實(shí)體的回指解決。

內(nèi)容概要

　　《議論文體中的抽象實(shí)體回指》的創(chuàng)新之處在確定了抽象實(shí)體回指是一種獨(dú)立于其他回指的形式。將這種現(xiàn)象作為一種特殊類(lèi)別的回指處理，研究其語(yǔ)用特征及理解規(guī)律，研究方式在采用實(shí)證與思辨的有機(jī)結(jié)合的基礎(chǔ)上也有創(chuàng)新，不僅對(duì)英語(yǔ)中的抽象實(shí)體回指和具體事物回指進(jìn)行定性與定量分析和比較，而且對(duì)漢語(yǔ)中的回指現(xiàn)象也進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的分析比較，側(cè)重思辨，輔以實(shí)證，并基于語(yǔ)料中對(duì)SDRT理論進(jìn)行質(zhì)疑與改進(jìn)，提出新的解決辦法。

書(shū)籍目錄

序AcknowledgementsChapter 1 Introduction1.1 The Definition of Abstract Entity Anaphora1.2 Differences between Abstract Entity .Anaphora and Other Kinds of Anaphora1.2.1 Abstract Entity Anaphora and Concrete Individual Anaphora1.2.2 Abstract Entity Anaphora， Extended Reference and Text Reference1.2.3 Abstract Entity Anaphora and Deep Anaphora1.2.4 Abstract Entity Anaphora and Associative Anaphora1.3 The Necessity of the Study of Abstract Entity Anaphora in Argumentative Texts1.3.1 The Limitations of the Previous Study of Abstract Entity Anaphora1.3.2 Characteristics of Argumentative Text1.3.3 Argumentative Text and Abstract Entity Anaphora1.4 Research Purpose and Significance1.5 Organization of the StudyChapter 2 Pragmatic Features of Abstract Entity Anaphora2.1 Introduction2.2 The Written Argumentative Data2.2.1 The Sources of the Argumentative Texts2.2.2 The Criteria of Data Collection and the Content of Data Analyses2.2.2.1 The Criteria of the Data Collection2.2.2.1.1 Anaphors2.2.2.1.2 Antecedents2.2.2.2 The Content of Data Analyses2.3 Pragmatic Functions of Abstract Entity Anaphors2.3.1 Recapitulation2.3.2 Obscuration2.3.3 Demarcation2.4 Text Environment of Abstract Entity Anaphora2.4.1 Background2.4.2 Text Environment of English Abstract Entity Anaphora2.4.2.1 Ariel's Work on English Concrete Individual Anaphora2.4.2.2 The Present Study of English Abstract Entity Anaphora2.4.3 Text Environment of Chinese Abstract Entity Anaphora2.4.3.1 The Study of Chinese Concrete Individual Anaphora by 許余龍2.4.3.2 The Present Study of Chinese Abstract Entity Anaphora2.4.4 Comparisons between English and Chinese Abstract Entity Anaphora2.5 Pragmatic Tendency of Abstract Entity Anaphora2.6 Backwards Anaphora2.7 SummaryChapter 3 Discourse Structure and Discourse Anaphora3.1 Introduction3.2 Rhetorical Structure Theory （RST） by Mann and Thompson3.2.1 Main Idea3.2.2 Comment3.3 Rhetorical Structure by Fox3.3.1 Main Idea3.3.1.1 Basic Units3.3.1.2 Rhetorical Relations3.3.1.3 Anaphora3.3.2 Comment3.4 Linguistic Discourse Model (LDM） by Polanyi3.4.1 Main Idea3.4.2 Comment3.5 Other Related Studies3.6 Discourse Representation Theory3.6.1 Main Idea3.6.1.1 DRS Construction3.6.1.2 DRT and Anaphora Resolution3.6.2 Comment3.7 Taking StockChapter 4 SDRT and Abstract Entity Anaphora4.1 Introduction4.2 Discourse Relations and Topic4.2.1 Discourse Relations4.2.2 Topic4.3 SDRS Construction4.3.1 Determining the Basic Constituents4.3.2 Constraints on Possible Sites for Constituent Attachment4.3.3 SDRS Updating4.3.4 Constituent Revision4.4 SDRT and Abstract Entity Anaphora4.4.1 Constraints on Abstract Entity Anaphora4.4.2 AVAILABILITY and Constituent Revision4.4.2.1 AVAILABILITY and Topic Revision4.4.2.2 AVAILABILITY and Discourse Relation-based Revision4.4.3 More Application to Abstract Entity Anaphora4.4.3.1 Event and Propositional Anaphora4.4.3.2 Concept Anaphora4.4.3.3 Discourse Subordination4.5 Application of SDRT to Chinese Abstract Entity Anaphora4.6 SDRT and Backwards Anaphora4.7 Support from Cognitive Psychology4.7.1 Situation Model4.7.2 Resonance Model4.8 SummaryChapter 5 Inadequacies of SDRT and Suggested Solutions5.1 Introduction5.2 Inadequacies5.2.1 Discourse Relations5.2.2 Topic Construction5.2.3 The Role of the Topic5.2.4 Explicit Referent Identification5.2.5 Implicit Referent Identification5.2.6 Reference Ambiguity Resulting from Double Attachment Sites5.2.7 Long-distance Anaphora5.3 Suggested Solutions5.3.1 Simplification of the Discourse Relations in SDRT5.3.1.1 Background5.3.1.2 Proposed Categorization5.3.1.3 Effect of the Simplification5.3.2 Topic Construction of Binary Structures5.3.3 Topic Dominating Role5.3.4 Explicit Referent Interpretation5.3.4.1 Semantic Information in Anaphoric Sentence5.3.4.2 Semantic Information in the Sentences before the Anaphoric Sentence5.3.4.3 Semantic Information in the Anaphor5.3.5 Proposition Abstraction for Implicit Referent5.3.5.1 Indirectness， Inference and Proposition Abstraction5.3.5.2 Antecedent Types for Proposition Abstraction5.3.5.3 Triggers for Proposition Abstraction5.4 SummaryChapter 6 Processing of Reference Ambiguity and Long-distance Anaphora6.1 Introduction6.2 Solutions to Reference Ambiguity6.2.1 Context and Intension6.2.2 Tendency Investigation6.2.2.1 Background6.2.2.2 Processing Strategies in Three Types of Discourse6.2.2.3 Questionnaire and Procedure6.2.2.4 Results6.2.2.5 Discussion6.2.2.6 Conclusion6.3 Long-distance Anaphora6.3.1 Background6.3.2 Theoretical Bases6.3.2.1 Van Dijk's Superstructure6.3.2.2 Van Eemeren et al.'s Argumentation Structures and Reconstruction6.3.3 Hypothesis Formulation6.3.3.1 Proposed Superstructure of Argumentative Texts6.3.3.2 Hypothesis about the Resolution of Long-distance Anaphora6.3.4 Instances of Application6.3.4.1 Standpoint as the Antecedent6.3.4.2 Question or Background as the Antecedent6.3.4.3 Arguments as the Antecedents6.3.5 The Role of Semantic Chains in Referent Interpretation6.3.5.1 The Role of Semantic Chains6.3.5.2 Psychological Warrant6.4 SummaryChapter 7 Conclusion7.1 Achievements of This Study7.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Future ResearchAppendixBibliography

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Chapter 1 Introduction　　1.1 The Definition of Abstract Entity Anaphora　　Abstract entities originally fall into a philosophical category， yet they have linguistic aspects and are discussed by some linguists such as Lyons （1977）， Asher （1993）， Vendler （1967）， Smith （2003） and Peterson （1997）. But Lyons' abstract entities correspond only in part to the other linguists'. Lyons classifies entities in the world into three kinds. First-order entities are physical objects that are publicly observable， relatively constant as to their perceptual properties and located in a three-dimensional space. Second-order entities mean events， processes， state-of- affairs etc. that are said to occur or take place rather than to exist. They are observable and have a temporal duration. Third-order entities refer to such abstract entities as propositions which are outside space and time. The abstract entities proposed by Asher etal. cover not only third-order entities but also second-order entities. According to Asher （1993）， abstract entities refer to propositions， concepts， facts and events， as can be seen in the following underlined parts.

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