6500詞床頭燈英語(yǔ)6

內(nèi)容概要

公元前，在萊茵河與易北河生活著20多個(gè)部落，稱為日爾曼人。羅馬帝國(guó)經(jīng)過多年征戰(zhàn)，于公元前58年將疆域拓展到萊茵河。當(dāng)時(shí)的日耳曼人，在赫曼（Hermann）的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下團(tuán)結(jié)一致，于條頓堡森林（Teutoburg Forest）大敗羅馬軍隊(duì)，歷史遂以條頓（Teuton）稱呼這個(gè)民族。    公元2～3世紀(jì)，日爾曼部族從散居狀態(tài)逐漸形成了撒克遜、法蘭克、巴伐利亞、圖林根、黑森等較穩(wěn)定的部落。3世紀(jì)時(shí)。查理曼（Charlernagne）帝國(guó)幾乎統(tǒng)一了日耳曼諸族。    814年查理大帝去世，形成了東西兩個(gè)王國(guó)，其分界線大致與德語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)之間的語(yǔ)言界限相當(dāng)。講法語(yǔ)的西法蘭克王國(guó)后來演變成今天的法國(guó)，而講德語(yǔ)的東法蘭克王國(guó)的居民開始用德意志來稱呼自己的語(yǔ)言和民族。    919年，撤克遜公爵亨利一世即位，正式創(chuàng)立德意志早期封建國(guó)家，這是嚴(yán)格意義上的德國(guó)歷史的開始。這時(shí)的王國(guó)大致包括今日的荷蘭、德國(guó)、瑞士、奧地利。14世紀(jì)中期，德國(guó)出現(xiàn)封建割據(jù)，分裂成幾百個(gè)邦國(guó)。    15、16世紀(jì)，意大利掀起文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)，其在德國(guó)的影響就是1517年由馬丁·路德領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的宗教改革，這場(chǎng)宗教改革使德國(guó)分裂了天主教。新舊教派之間的矛盾；中突引發(fā)了1618～1648年的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，德意志復(fù)又處于四分五裂的狀態(tài)。    18世紀(jì)初，在腓特烈大帝（Friedrich the Great）的統(tǒng)治下，日耳曼諸邦中的普魯士王國(guó)（Prussia）興起。1870年，普法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，普魯士戰(zhàn)勝法國(guó)。1871年，普魯士國(guó)王威廉一世在凡爾賽宮接受加冕，成為德意志皇帝。從此，德國(guó)作為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的近代民族國(guó)家在歐洲崛起。    本書共講述了25個(gè)故事，內(nèi)容跨越了羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期一直到19世紀(jì)末德意志帝國(guó)統(tǒng)一的歷史階段，故事涉及到德國(guó)歷史上的最重大事件和最重要人物。    這些篇章雖屬于歷史故事，讀之卻像《三國(guó)演義》，人物栩栩如生，描寫生動(dòng)形象，情節(jié)曲折引人入勝，令人讀之不忍釋卷。故事的主人公除了毫無(wú)人性的暴君以及陰險(xiǎn)詭詐的小人，許多至今仍值得人們懷念與敬仰。他們之中有的猶如諸葛亮般足智多謀，以少勝多，以弱勝?gòu)?qiáng)；有的猶如秦皇漢武壯志凌云，雄視天下；有的堅(jiān)忍不拔百折不撓，為了信仰舍生取義；有的為了國(guó)家獨(dú)立，大義凜然，前仆后繼，視死如歸。    這些故事大致按照德國(guó)歷史的時(shí)間順序記述，每一個(gè)故事都是一個(gè)歷史片斷。把這些故事串成一條線，雖然還不能構(gòu)成完整的德國(guó)歷史，但管窺蠡測(cè)可見這一千年間德國(guó)人文、風(fēng)俗、宗教信仰以及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事等的變遷與發(fā)展的軌跡。

作者簡(jiǎn)介

作者：(美國(guó))查爾斯·莫里斯(Charles Morris) 注譯：毛紅 李小艷 改編：(美國(guó))漢瑞特(Edgar Melville) 叢書主編：王若平 合著者：楊守忠

書籍目錄

德國(guó)英雄赫爾曼阿爾伯因和約瑟蒙德格雷蒙德的事業(yè)維特金德，撒克遜愛國(guó)者哈托主教的人生之旅萊茵河的鼠塔恩斯特公爵的不幸經(jīng)歷奧托二世之治亨利四世弗雷德里克·巴巴羅薩大帝與米蘭弗雷德里克二堂的十字軍威廉·泰爾與瑞士愛國(guó)者黑死病和鞭身者一個(gè)瘋狂的皇帝盲武士杰土卡路德與特赦農(nóng)夫與再洗禮派教徒華倫斯坦的命運(yùn)兩個(gè)偉大戰(zhàn)士的結(jié)局青年時(shí)代的弗雷德里克大帝伏爾泰與弗雷德里克大帝七年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的壯麗場(chǎng)面蒂羅爾的愛國(guó)者新舊帝國(guó)

章節(jié)摘錄

hastily made camp. But it was impossible for them to remain there. Their provisions were lost or exhausted, thousands of enemies sur- rounded them, and their only hope lay in immediate and rapid flight.Sun rise came. The soldiers had recovered somewhat from the fa- tigue of the day before. Setting fire to what baggage remained in their hands, they began a retreat fighting as they went, for the pitiless ene- my disputed every step. The first part of their route lay through an open plain, where they marched in orderly ranks. But there were mountains still to pass, and they quickly found themselves in a wood- ed and pathless valley, in whose rugged depths defense was almost impossible. Here they fell in thousands before the weapons of their enemies. It was but a small body of survivors that at length escaped from that deadly pass and threw up camp for the night in a more open spot.With the dawn of the next day they resumed their progress, and were at no great distance from their stronghold of Aliso when they found their progress arrested by fresh tribes, who attacked them with great violence. On they struggled, fighting, dying, marking every step of the route with their dead. Varus, now reduced to despair, and see- ing only slaughter or captivity before him, threw himself on his sword, and died in the midst of those whom his blind confidence had led to destruction.No more terrible disaster had ever struck the Roman army. Many prisoners had been taken, among them certain judges and lawyers, who were the chief objects of Hermann's hate, and whom he devoted to a painful death. He then offered sacrifices to the gods, to whom he gave the captured goods, the dead, and the leading prisoners, numbers of them being killed on the altars of his gods. These religious cere- monies completed,prisoners who still remained were distributed a- mong the tribes as slaves. The effort of Varus to force Roman customs and laws upon the Germans had led to a fearful retribution.When the news of this dreadful event reached Rome, that city was filled with grief and fear. The heart of Augustus, now an old man, was stricken with dismay at the slaughter of the best soldiers of the empire. With neglected dress and person he wandered about the rooms and halls of the palace, his piteous appeal,  "Varus, give me back my soldiers！"  showing how deeply the disaster had pierced his soul.Meanwhile, the Germans, satisfied, as it seemed, with expelling the Romans from their country, destroyed their forts and military roads, and settled back into peace.For six years peace continued. Augustus died, and Tiberius be- came emperor of Rome. Then, in the year 14 A.D., an effort was made to retake Germany, an army commanded by the son of Drusus, known to history under the name of Germanicus, attacking the Marsi, when intoxicated and unarmed after a religious feast. Great numbers of the defenseless tribesmen were killed, but the other tribes sprung to arms and drove the invader back across the Rhine.In the next year Hermann was again brought into the conflict. Segestus had robbed him of his wife, the beautiful patriot Thusnelda, who up until then had been his right hand in council in his plans a- gainst the Roman enemy. Hermann besieged Segestus to regain pos- session of his wife, and pressed the traitor so closely that he sent his son Sigismund to Germanicus, who was again on the German side of the Rhine, imploring aid. The Roman leader took instant advantage of this promising opportunity. He advanced and forced Hermann to raise the siege, and himself took possession of Thusnelda, who was destined soon afterwards to be made the leading feature in a Roman parade. Segestus was rewarded for his treason, and was given lands in Gaul, his life being not safe among the people he had betrayed. As for the daughter whom he had yielded to Roman hands, her fate troubled little his base soul.Thusnelda is still a popular character in German legend, there being various stories concerning her. One of these relates that, when she lay concealed in the old fort of Schellenpyrmont, she was warned by the cries of a faithful bird of the coming of the Romans, who were seeking quietly to approach her hiding place.The loss of his beloved wife roused Hermann's heroic spirit, and spread anger among the Germans, who highly esteemed the noble- hearted woman. They rose hastily in arms, and Hermann was soon at the head of a large army, prepared to defend his country against the attacking hosts of the Romans. But as the latter proved too strong to face in the open field, the Germans retreated with their families and property, the country left by them being laid waste by the advancing armies.Germanicus soon reached the scene of the late slaughter, and caused the bones of the soldiers of Varus to be buried. But in doing this he was obliged to enter the mountain passes in which the former army had met its fate. Hermann and his men watched the Romans in- tently from forest and hilltop. When they had fairly entered the narrow valleys, the adroit chief appeared before them at the head of a small troop, which retreated as if in fear, drawing them onward until the whole army had entered the pass.Then the fatal signal was given, and the revengeful Gernmas fell upon the armies of Germanicus as they had done upon those of Varus, cutting them down in great numbers.

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