科技英語閱讀教程

前言

　　教育部頒布的《大學(xué)英語課程教學(xué)要求》對我國大學(xué)生英語的聽、說、讀、寫、譯等能力均提出了三個層次的要求，并在全國興起了實用性大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革與實踐的浪潮。為進(jìn)一步完善大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革的成果，努力提高學(xué)生的英語實用能力，南開大學(xué)、天津大學(xué)、北京化工大學(xué)、北京航空航天大學(xué)、北京科技大學(xué)、北京郵電大學(xué)、對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)、廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)、哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)等國內(nèi)重點高校的英語教師通力合作，編寫了“大學(xué)英語選修課系列教材”。本套教材包括《高級英語口語教程》、《科技英語閱讀教程》、《高級英語閱讀教程》、《實用翻譯技能集成》、《英美報刊深度閱讀》、《高級英語寫作教程》、《實用商務(wù)英語綜合教程》、《英語視聽說教程》和《當(dāng)代英美社會文化新編》等九本教材。本系列教材應(yīng)用了最新的英語教學(xué)理念，吸收了最新的英語教學(xué)成果，符合我國大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革的最新要求，并體現(xiàn)了四、六級考試改革后的新精神，所有編寫內(nèi)容均為各參編院校多年使用過的優(yōu)秀素材，具有良好的教學(xué)效果和廣泛的使用基礎(chǔ).　　“大學(xué)英語選修課系列教材”主要特點如下：　　1.選材廣泛，內(nèi)容豐富。本系列教材所選材料均來自國內(nèi)外原版報紙、雜志、教材、論著、會議論文、實用文件和一些權(quán)威網(wǎng)站，語言真實準(zhǔn)確、地道優(yōu)美；內(nèi)容涉及視聽說、口語、閱讀、翻譯、寫作、文化、商務(wù)和科技英語等多個領(lǐng)域，適合不同專業(yè)學(xué)生對英語學(xué)習(xí)的需求。本系列教材選材注重原汁原味，力圖使學(xué)生在浩瀚的知識海洋中多方汲取營養(yǎng)，以滿足實用性英語教學(xué)的需求。如《高級英語閱讀教程》的文章大多是近年來有關(guān)社會熱點問題，并且大都是學(xué)生所關(guān)心和感興趣的新聞報道，趣味性、實效性較強(qiáng)；另外，文章內(nèi)容涉及生活的方方面面，集知識性、科普性、娛樂性于一體，有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。2.注重語言綜合技能的訓(xùn)練，實用性較強(qiáng)。通過精心選編的課文和悉心設(shè)計的多種實踐和交際活動，從多渠道、多層面、多角度向?qū)W生輸入大量有效語言信息，吸引學(xué)生參加多種多樣、生動活潑的語言實踐和交際活動，進(jìn)行大量的“交互式”的語言輸入（input）和輸出（Output）。如《英語視聽說教程》、《高級英語口語教程》強(qiáng)調(diào)各種微技能的培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練，結(jié)合具體生活環(huán)境和主題，突出聽說實踐能力的培養(yǎng)；《實用翻譯技能集成》圍繞實例，闡明方法和技巧，強(qiáng)調(diào)翻譯實踐，培養(yǎng)動手能力。每一章圍繞各種翻譯技巧，梳理分析，深入淺出，將翻譯理論技能和實踐訓(xùn)練有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來。

內(nèi)容概要

　　隨著知識經(jīng)濟(jì)和全球化時代的到來，科技英語在提高學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新能力以及國際科技合作與交流中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)當(dāng)代大學(xué)生科技英語閱讀能力，是我國高校適應(yīng)創(chuàng)新型國家建設(shè)需求、培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型人才的重要內(nèi)容。為了推動新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語教學(xué)改革，提高本科生面向科技創(chuàng)新的后期大學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)能力，我們精心設(shè)計并編寫了《科技英語閱讀教程》一書?！　”緯x材以科學(xué)普及方面的文章為主，全書共分為16個單元，每個單元包含兩個內(nèi)容相近的篇章，每個篇章后設(shè)計有生詞、短語、注釋以及與課文相關(guān)的練習(xí)等，并在全書的最后提供了所有練習(xí)的參考答案，以方便學(xué)習(xí)者使用?！　”緯鶕?jù)教育部2007年新頒布的《大學(xué)英語課程教學(xué)要求》以及1998年頒布的《大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱詞匯表》確定了全書的詞匯量為4500詞。生詞的注解主要以四級以上的詞匯為主，但對個別詞義相對少見的四級詞匯也增加了注解；在短語方面，本書主要選取大學(xué)英語四級學(xué)習(xí)階段常見的條目?！　橥卣箤W(xué)生的科技和人文素養(yǎng)，本書的課文注釋主要從人文和科技知識的角度，加以解釋說明。為提高學(xué)生的語言運用能力，在練習(xí)的設(shè)計上，除閱讀理解題之外，本書還基于課文中一些地道的表達(dá)方式設(shè)計了翻譯練習(xí)，目的是讓學(xué)習(xí)者熟悉英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，進(jìn)而提高自己的英語水平。

書籍目錄

總序前言Unit One　Passage A　Can We Survive on the Moon?　Passage B　Chasing the MoonUnit Two　Passage A　Running on Empty? (1)　Passage B　Running on Empty? (2)Unit Three　Passage A　Biofuels Deemed a Greenhouse Threat　Passage B　Studies Say Clearing Land for Biofuels Will Aid WarmingUnit Four　Passage A　Malware Goes Mobile (1)　Passage B　Malware Goes Mobile (2)Unit Five　Passage A　Is Your Car Smarter Than You Are? (1)　Passage B　Is Your Car Smarter Than You Are? (2)Unit Six　Passage A　The Memory Hacker　Passage B　Sweet MemoriesUnit Seven　Passage A　Robots vs. Humans in Space: Both Will Be Required　Passage B　The Year in RobotsUnit Eight　Passage A　Evidence-based Fitness Programs　Passage B　Multigenerational ProgrammingUnit Nine　Passage A　New Predictor of Disease (1)　Passage 13　New Predictor of Disease (2)Unit Ten　Passage A　Sharks　Passage 13　Sustainable FisheriesUnit Eleven　Passage A　The Phenomenon of Aging　Passage 13　Calorie Restriction: Is This Anti-aging Diet Worth a Try?Unit Twelve　Passage A　The Rise of Renewable Energy (1)　Passage 13　The Rise of Renewable Energy (2)Unit Thirteen　Passage A　Window on the Extreme Universe (1)　Passage 13　Window on the Extreme Universe (2)Unit Fourteen  　Passage A　Are Aliens among Us? (1)　Passage 13　Are Aliens among Us? (2)Unit Fifteen　Passage A　Science 2.0-Is Open Access Science the Future? (1)　Passage 13　Science 2.0-Is Open Access Science the Future? (2)Unit Sixteen　Passage A　Genetically Modified Foods: Are They Safe? (1)　Passage 13　Genetically Modified Foods: Are They Safe? (2)Key to the Exercises

章節(jié)摘錄

　　Running on Empty？ （I）　　On a rainy day last month, four drummers, three guitarists, a bagpiper, two didgeridoo players and 186 others assembled in a rural English town to discuss turning their neighborhoods into low-impact communities built around farming, arts and crafts and herbal medicine.　　After communal meditation and a few speeches, those present gathered in small groupsto discuss everything from transport without oil to engaging local politicians in the "Transition Towns movements stated aim: reducing their carbon footprint2 in response to concerns over diminishing hydrocarbon reserves as well as global warming. The mood in the group discussing energy was somber. One former civil engineer3 predicted the demise of the light bulb within a decade and derided the idea that market forces and human ingenuity could save the planet, laughing it off as "the magic wand" theory.　　For years, such meetings have been dismissed as eccentric. Most of the worlds oil executives, government ministers, analysts and consultants reject the "peak oil theory —— the notion based on the 1950s work of Marion King Hubert, a Shell geologist, that crude production will soon enter terminal decline. They say it understates remaining reserves, plays down the contribution of technological advances and ignores the role of market forces in shaping future supply.　　But with the oil price at a record $126 a barrel, more than 1,000 percent higher than a decade ago, fears of the end of the hydrocarbon age have seeped into the mainstream. Many in the industry itself now accept that supply constraints are shaping the price as much as rampant demand. Calls for greater investment to ease these constraints formed the crux of many of the discussions at last months meeting in Rome between energy ministers of the worlds main oil producers and consumers.　　So are the peak oilists right？ A series of recent events certainly appear to lend credence to those who argue that the worlds ageing oilfields are being sucked dry amid Chinas and Indias determination to lift themselves out of poverty and the wests reluctance to give up the luxuries of modem oil-dependent life.　　The fact that Russias oil production declined almost half a percentage point in April, the first drop in a decade, was shocking enough news from the worlds second biggest oil producer, whose output was growing at a rate of 12 percent just five years ago.　　Just days later Saudi Arabia6, the worlds biggest oil producer and by far the largest exporter, confirmed it had put on hold plans to increase the kingdoms production capacity. King Abdullah7, the countrys ruler, put it more bluntly: "I keep no secret from you that, when there were some new finds, I told them, No, leave it in the ground, our children need it."　　Most other forecasts show the world will need Saudi Arabias oil. Thus the kingdoms reluctance to invest further in its fields has led some to ask whether Saudi Arabia can boost production or whether, after 75 years, the worlds biggest oil deposit has been cashed.　　The announcement that Saudi Arabia would pump slightly more oil did little to ease prices because it failed to reduce concerns over supply: when the kingdom produces more oil, it eats into its cushion of spare supply. This means such measures sometimes backfire, driving prices higher.　　One problem is that nobody really knows what is going on inside Saudi Arabias oil industry. Riyadh is so guarded that analysts from Sanford Bernstein9, the financial services company, took to spying on its activity via satellite. They spent nine months monitoring the countrys drilling activities and measuring whether Ghawarl~, the worlds biggest oil-field, had subsided. Their conclusion: Saudi Arabia has to work harder than the countrys engineers and geologists expected in 2004 to squeeze more out of the northern part of the ageing Ghawar field.　　Matthew Simmons, an energy investment banker, has a bleaker view of Ghawars health. He took the news that Saudi Arabia was not planning to expand to 15m b/d" as further evidence that the kingdom was struggling to ward off a collapse of its oilfields.　　With his book Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economyt2, published in 2005, Mr. Simmons, more than any other individual, laid the seeds of doubt over Saudi Arabias future reliability. Poring over 200 technical papers written by engineers over 20 years, some stored electronically and others gathering dust, he uncovered evidence the kingdoms fields were far more complicated to tap and declining more quickly than the secretive nation was willing to reveal.　　Less well known, but equally damning, is his study of the rest of the worlds oilfields. Mr. Simmons launched his project in 2001 after none of the analysts brought in to help the US Central Intelligence Agency13 map the worlds remaining big sources of oil came up with answers that satisfied him.　　He found that the world depends on just a few giant, old, declining oilfields and that almost nothing to match them has been discovered since the 1970s. One in every five barrels of oil consumed each day is pumped from a field that is more than 40 years old.　　Output declines as an oilfield ages ____ sometimes dramatically. The same trend____though at a slower pace____is plaguing most fields around the world, possibly including the four biggest:　　Ghawar, Cantarell, Kuwaits Burgan and Chinas Daqing. This means running to stand still: each year as much as two-thirds of new oil supply capacity goes towards covering for the slowdown at ageing fields.　　Mr. Simmons work is potent fodder for peak oilists, who espouse their gloomy views of the future on websites ranging from those with an academic air to more alarmist ones that come complete with advertisements for freeze-dried food and survival guides. Mr. Simmons knows his peak oil views have moved him towards the fringes of a business in which he used to occupy a far more central position.　　Fears over supply increasingly extend to the corner offices of international oil companies. A rapidly growing number of industry executives and ministers, believe the world is running out of "easy oil". They advocate that consumers, who rely on oil for everything from light to lipstick, should be less wasteful.　　Industry executives admit that fields in the developed world, such as those in the North Sea and Alaska, are about to peak. Natural gas, coal, corn, sugar cane, algae and turkey innards are promising alternative sources that could fuel Chinas new love affair with the car, they say. Meanwhile the biggest oilfield, as Joseph Stanislaw, adviser to Deloitte Consulting~7, likes to point out, lies beneath Detroit. In other words, millions of barrels a day of oil could be saved if Americans traded in their gas-guzzlers for more efficient vehicles.　　All of this means global production will follow an "undulating plateau for one or more decades before declining slowly", says Peter Jackson of Cambridge Energy Research Associates19, an industry consulting firm. After studying its oil production and resources database, the group concluded that it saw no decline in the worlds ability to produce oil before 2030.　　But the ride could yet prove a bumpy one, even CERA admits. Saudi Arabias spare capacity is at its lowest level in a generation, having been eaten into by China and other fuel-hungry customers. This has already added a sizeable premium to international oil prices, though no one has a grasp of exactly how much.　　Meanwhile, the long-term alternatives have serious downsides. Regarding power of the solar, wind and turkey-gut varieties, even the most optimistic forecasts say these will remain a small fraction of the overall energy mix. In fact, even if all the policies to increase renewable fuels and to use oil more efficiently were to be enacted immediately, the world would still need OPECsdaily production to increase by 11.5m barrels by 2030, the bulk of which would have to come from Saudi Arabia, the International Energy Agencysays.　　That is a tall order. It is 50-plus percent more than the amount by which OPEC managed to increase output between 1980 and 2006. This time, the oil business is faced with a shortage of skilled labor （the industrys average age is just shy of 50） and a squeeze in the supply of steel and other critical components.

編輯推薦

　　《科技英語閱讀教程》教材特色：　　把握大學(xué)英語教改精髓，倡導(dǎo)實用性英語教學(xué)；選材原汁原味、鮮亮活潑、與時俱進(jìn)；追求語言基礎(chǔ)與課程趣味的統(tǒng)一；多渠道、多角度、多層面，高效傳遞語言信息。

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