神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書3

前言

什么是百科全書？這一名詞來自于兩個(gè)希臘單詞：enkuklios（意思是循環(huán)的）和paideia（意思是教育）。在16世紀(jì)早期，拉丁手稿的抄寫者們將這兩個(gè)單詞合而為一，其在英語中演化為一個(gè)單詞，意思是具有廣泛指導(dǎo)意義的工具書（The American Heritage Dictionary，2000，Boston：Houghton Mifflin，p.589）。從其來源可見，其希臘文原詞中蘊(yùn)含著以探索、綜合的方式努力獲取知識(shí)的含義。無論是拉丁文還是英文，該單詞泛指涵蓋廣泛領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的工具書。希臘文中強(qiáng)調(diào)的以創(chuàng)造性手段獲取知識(shí)，在神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤其適用。神經(jīng)科學(xué)本身就是一個(gè)非常新的名詞。Francis Schmitt在本書第一版的前言中指出，本書的編寫過程就是將不同領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家們聚集在一起，沖擊大腦研究中最頑固的難題。他推動(dòng)建立了神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目（Neuroscience Research。Program，簡稱NRP）。早期的NIRP成員包括一些學(xué)術(shù)巨匠，如因關(guān)于光合作用的研究獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的Melvin Calvin、諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者物理化學(xué)家Manfred：Eigen、生物化學(xué)家Alberc Lehninger，和當(dāng)時(shí)正在努力破解基因編碼的年輕分子生物學(xué)家Marshall Nirenberg。Schmitt建立NRP的時(shí)候，神經(jīng)科學(xué)作為一門綜合學(xué)科還幾乎不存在。微電極的發(fā)明使神經(jīng)生理學(xué)家們得以記錄單細(xì)胞的電活動(dòng)，但是幾乎不可能甄別其生物化學(xué)特性。一個(gè)重要的推進(jìn)來自20世紀(jì)60年代中期涌現(xiàn)的Falck-Hillarp熒光顯微鏡技術(shù)，它能夠選擇性地觀察兒茶酚胺和5.羥色胺能神經(jīng)元。這些胺類通路的研究又很快使得檢測(cè)選擇性損傷后效應(yīng)的行為學(xué)家們和生化學(xué)家們開始合作研究，使得后者的工作不再局限于在整個(gè)腦組織勻漿的水平研究神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)。20世紀(jì)70年代關(guān)于神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)受體的生化研究、它們位點(diǎn)的放射自顯影研究，以及神經(jīng)多肽的免疫組織化學(xué)研究，更是進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了神經(jīng)生理學(xué)家、神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)家、神經(jīng)化學(xué)家和神經(jīng)藥理學(xué)家們的對(duì)話。而過去兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)手段的應(yīng)用更加豐富了這一交流。

內(nèi)容概要

此百科全書篇幅巨大，為所有神經(jīng)科學(xué)百科全書之首。書中覆蓋了神經(jīng)科學(xué)全部主要領(lǐng)域，由來自世界各地的2400多位專家撰稿人合力打造。每個(gè)詞條在收入書中之前均經(jīng)過顧問委員會(huì)的同行評(píng)議，詞條中均含有詞匯表、引言、參考文獻(xiàn)和豐富的交叉參考內(nèi)容。其內(nèi)容平易，本科生即可讀懂；而深度和廣度獨(dú)一無二，足可滿足專家學(xué)者的需要。主編    LarryR.Squire為美國神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)前主席，暢銷教科書《基礎(chǔ)神經(jīng)科學(xué)》（FundamentalNeuroscience）的策劃人與主編。此為本套書的第三冊(cè)，內(nèi)容為神經(jīng)肽與神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子。

作者簡介

編者：（美國）斯奎爾（Larry R.Squire）

書籍目錄

Amphibian PeptidesApelinBDNF in Synaptic Plasticity and MemoryCalcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) and ReceptorsCCK/Gastrin and ReceptorsCircadian Function and Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin in HumansCorticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Urocortins: Binding Proteins and ReceptorsEndocannabinoid Role in Synaptic Plasticity and LearningEnteric Nervous System: Neurotrophic FactorsGalanin and ReceptorsGFL Neurotrophic Factors: Physiology and PharmacologyGlial Growth FactorsGrowth Factors: Neuronal AtrophyHypocretin/Orexin and MCH and ReceptorsInsulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling and Actions in BrainInvertebrate Neurohormone GPCRsKisspeptins and their ReceptorsMagnocellular Neurosecretory System: Organization, Plasticity, Model Peptidergic NeuronsMammalian Neuropeptide FamiliesMelanocortins: Brain EffectsMelatonin Regulation of Circadian Rhythmicity in VertebratesNatriuretic PeptidesNerve Growth FactorNeuroendocrine Peptide ProcessingNeuromodulationNeuronal AngiotensinNeuropeptide FF and ReceptorsNeuropeptide Inactivation or MetabolismNeuropeptide Receptors-Drug DevelopmentNeuropeptide ReleaseNeuropeptide SNeuropeptide Signaling in InvertebratesNeuropeptide Synthesis and StorageNeuropeptide Y (NPY) and its ReceptorsNeuropeptides and CoexistenceNeuropeptides and Receptors in GliaNeuropeptides in Autonomic NeuronsNeuropeptides InternalizationNeuropeptides Phylogeny and EvolutionNeuropeptides: DiscoveryNeuropeptides: ElectrophysiologyNeuropeptides: Endocrine CellsNeuropeptides: Enteric Nervous SystemNeuropeptides: EpilepsyNeuropeptides: Food IntakeNeuropeptides: Mental DiseaseNeuropeptides: PainNeuropeptides: Sensory SystemsNeurotensin and ReceptorsNeurotransmitters and Growth Factors: OverviewNeurotrophic Factor Therapy: GDNF and CNTF.Neurotrophic Factor Therapy: NGF, BDNF and NT-3Neurotrophins: Physiology and PharmacologyOpioid Peptides and ReceptorsPeptidergic ReceptorsPineal Gland and MelatoninProlactin and its Neuroendocrine ControlProlactin-Releasing PeptideProopiomelanocortinRetrograde Neurotrophic Signaling..Somatostatin and ReceptorsSubstance P/Tachykinins and its/their ReceptorsTIP39 (Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 Residues)...Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide ReceptorsVasopressin/Oxytocin and Receptors原書詞條中英對(duì)照表

章節(jié)摘錄

插圖：A core of gene clusters within the granular glandcells of frog skin codes for these secreted peptides.A mild transdermal electrical stimulation of the frogreleases granular gland contents on the skin surface asa result of glandular syncythia rupture produced bythe contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding theglands. These skin secretions contain the entire pepti-dome, transcriptome, and genome of the granulargland syncythia （olocryne secretion）. The polyadeny-lated mRNAs constituting the secreted transcriptomeand the peptides constituting the secreted proteomeare protected from degradation by interactionswith co-released amphipathic peptides and muco-proteins endowed with antimicrobial, RNAse-, andprotease-inhibitory activities. Thus, amino acid se-quencing of secreted peptides, nucleic acid sequencingof peptide-encoding mRNAs, and genomic informa-tion retrieving from the secreted DNA can be easilyperformed in secretion samples collected from fewfrogs on a regular basis and stored, lyophilized orfrozen, for at least 6 years. This is a powerful methodof determining evolutionary information on theancestral sequences of biologically active peptidesand proteins and understanding the sequence-function relationship of the human orthologs. Becausedifficult-to-synthesize bioactive peptides and proteinsare currently obtained in large quantities from skinsecretions of few amphibian specimens, extensivepharmacological studies have been performed withthese amphibian molecules in order to elucidate thefunctional role of the mammalian orthologs. Whereassome of amphibian skin peptides represent analogs ofalready known mammalian peptide families （Table 1）,others represent prototype peptides not encounteredbefore in nature. In many instances, the discovery ofnew amphibian skin peptides led to the discovery ofnovel mammalian neuropeptides; notable examplesare caerulein, bombesin, and sauvagin （Table 2）. Inthe amphibian skin, opioid peptides are representedby two prototypes named dermorphin and deltorphin.

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