余杭義橋漢六朝墓

內(nèi)容概要

The Yiqiao義橋cemetery(N 30°17’40”，E
119°54’07”)is 4 km northwest of the Yuhang余杭Town in western Yuhang
District， Hangzhou杭州City，Zhejiang浙江Province，and 2．5 km north of the
Tiaoxi苕溪Spring，between the Tianmushan天目山Mountai in its west and
south，and the plain area in its east．It is on the slopes of several
small hills including the Sheshantou蛇山頭hill， the Guojiatou郭家頭hill
and the Wangjiashan王家山hill，with the Yiqiao Village in its east，the
No．15 provincial highway in its north，the Yangmeiling楊梅嶺and
Xin’anqian新庵前Villages in its west and the Ahan安山Village in its
south．The hills which are 4 to 28 mete above sea level were covered
by tea trees before but now have been left hncultivated due to the
local industrial development． In April 2007，ancient burials were
unearthed during the cotruction of the Yuhang Industry Development
Limited Company． After signing an agreement with the developer，the
Hangzhou Municipal Ititute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and
the Yuhang District Museum organized a cooperative archaeological
team and conducted a salvage excavation from May 22nd to July 1
0th， during which 64 burials had been discovered in an area of 1
500 sq mete．The burials include 1 of the pre—Qin period，47 of the
Han漢Dynasty，1 3 of the Six Dynasties，2 of the Song宋Dynasty and 1 of
the Qing清Dynasty．Totally 522 pieces(sets)artifacts were
unearhed．Besides，63 pieces of artifacts probably from the burials
had been collected． This monograph is a detailed report on the 60
burials of the Han Dynasty and the Six Dynasties．Information of the
other four burials is in the appendix．Collected artifacts of
different periods are described after the reports of the burials of
their related periods． The 60 burials of the Han to the Six
Dynasties periods can be divided into two types：earth—shaft burials
which are relatively well preserved，and the brick—chamber burials
many of the which had been looted long ago．The earth—shaft burials
can be further divided into two sub—types：the rectangular—shaped
burials and the handIe—knife—shaped burials．Some shafts are wider
and some are narrower．The brick—chamber burials are
rectangular—shaped，凸—shaped，handle—knife—shaped or T—shaped．Some
have front and back chambe． Burials offerings in the earth—shaft
burials are relatively larger in number and more various in types
comparing with those in the brick—chamber burials．Totally 406
pieces(sets)of ceramic， porcelain，bronze，iron，silver，stone and
glass offerings were unearthed from the 60 burials．Ceramic objects
take the highest percentage，followed by porcelain objects and
bronze／iron objects ． The 321 ceramic objects(79．1％of the total
artifacts)are mainly gray—brown or gray—green in color and
green—yellow glazed．They obviously belong to the green —glaze
tradition of the Southern China．Most of them were hand—made，some
with the help of moulds，and wheel mended．Main surface decoratio
include the string—pattern and curved flourish desig．Some of them
are imitatio of bronze ritual vessels．Some might have been articles
for daily use，some were specially made as burial offerings．Sixteen
bronze mirro and two iron ding鼎tripods were found in the burials．
Only two out of the 60 burials have direct stratigraphic
relatiohips and none of them have artifacts with accurate date．
Mainly based on the structures of the burials and typological
research on burial offerings，we divided the burials into eight
phases：phase Ⅰ dating to the early Western Han，phase Ⅱ dating to
the Middle Western Han，phase Ⅲ dating to the Late Western Han
，phase IV dating to the Xin Mang新莽period，phase V dating to the
Early Eastern Han，phase VI dating to the Middle and Late Eastern
Han．phase VII dating to the Western Jin晉and phase ⅤⅢ dating to the
Eastern Jin． Some rules can be recognized from the distribution of
burials ．Seventeen earth—shaft burials are located on the slopes of
the hills near Guojiatou in the north，while nine are on the slopes
of the hills near Sheshantou in the south．It seems that earlier
burials are usually higher and later burials have kept moving down
slope．Nineteen brick—chamber burials are on the slopes near
Guojiatou，while 17 of them are on the slopes near Sheshantou．
Significantly，ten of the 21 Eastern Han brick—chamber burials
concentrated around Sheshantou．Eight of the nine Western Jin
burials are on the western top of Sheshantou．Two of the four
Eastern Jin burials are on the eastern top of Sheshantou．Eastern
Han brick—chamber burials are usually on the middle slope，while
those of the Six Dynasties are usually near the top．Based on the
excavation，we know that these hills had been used as burial ground
as early as in the Warring State period．The small population size
resulted in the small number of burials．This area had become an
important cemetery during the Han and the Six Dynasties．The
earliest burials of this period are on the northern slopes of
Guojiatou．From the Eastern Han，burials had gradually moved
southward to the southern slopes of Guojiatou and Sheshantou ．All
the earth—shaft burials are east—west orienting，while most of、the
brick—chamber burials are east or north orienting． It seems that
orientation of a burial has close relatiohip with its
micro—landscape—most of the burials orienting to open area． Burials
of the same period and at the same location usually headed to the
same direction． Passage slope，ercengtai二層臺platform of filled earth，
ercengtai platform of untouched earth，stone supporte and earth
mound had been found in or above some earth—shaft burials．Some
burials are under the same earth mound，and some burials have more
than one dead．In Han Dynasty burials with more than one dead， there
are secondary buried individuals who might have died earlier and
been moved from their original burials．Niches were common in the
brick —chamber burials of the Western Jin． The largest length and
width of earth—shaft burials are 4.5 and 3 mete, while those of the
brick—chamber burials are 6 and 5 mete. In other words, all the
burials are middle or small in size. The structure, quantity and
quality of burial offerings also indicate that this area is the
cemetery for common people. Both the structure and style of burial
offerings demotrate the increasing influence of the Han culture
which then developed to the Jin culture. Although local cultural
elements can be recognized in the burials of the Han Dynasty, they
had been gradually taken place by the Han cultural elements. We can
find the historical background of this takeover in ancient texts.
In summary, the Yiqiao cemetery had been the burial ground for
common people. The burials with significant local characteristics
are large in number and cover a complete chronological sequence.
They are important for our research on mortuary practice in
Southern China, especially in the Jiangzhe 江浙area during the Han to
Six Dynasties period.

書籍目錄

第一章  概況
  第一節(jié)  地理環(huán)境
  第二節(jié)  歷史沿革
  第三節(jié)  發(fā)現(xiàn)與發(fā)掘概況
  第四節(jié)  資料整理和報告編寫
第二章  單位墓葬詳述
  第一節(jié)  兩漢墓葬
    一  土坑墓
    (一)一墩一穴土坑墓
    1．長方形土坑墓
    (1)長方形窄坑
    M30
    M38
    M18
    M2
    M39
    (2)長方形寬坑
    M33
    M3
    M10
    M42
    M59
    M17
    M19
    2．刀把形土坑墓
    M29
    M50
    (二)一墩二穴土坑墓
    1．M35和M36
    刀把形寬坑M35
    長方形窄坑M36
    2．M46和M47
    長方形窄坑M46
    長方形寬坑M47
    3．M57和M58
    長方形寬坑M57
    刀把形窄坑M58
    (三)一墩三穴土坑墓
    長方形寬坑M56A
    長方形窄坑M56B
    刀把形窄坑M56C
    (四)其他
    M28
    M37
    M60
    二  磚室墓
    (一)長方形磚室墓
    1．前后室結(jié)構(gòu)墓
    M13
    2．單室結(jié)構(gòu)墓
    M6
    M8
    M31
    M43
    M45
    M48
    M51
    M52
    M53
    M54
    M62
    (二)凸字形磚室墓
    1．前后室結(jié)構(gòu)墓
    M207
    2．單室結(jié)構(gòu)墓
    M1
    M34
    M44
    (三)T字形磚室墓
    M14
    (四)其他
    M9
    M12
    M15
    M32
    三  采集遺物
  第二節(jié)  六朝墓葬
    一  長方形磚室墓
    M41
    M16
    二  凸字形磚室墓
    (一)前后室結(jié)構(gòu)
    M7
    M22
    M40
    M4
    (二)單室結(jié)構(gòu)
    M21
    M23
    M24
    M25
    三  刀把形磚室墓
    M20
    M55
    四  T字形磚室墓
    M11
第三章  墓葬形制與出土遺物類型
  第一節(jié)  墓葬形制
    一  土坑墓
    二  磚室墓
  第二節(jié)  出土遺物類型
    一  陶器
    (一)質(zhì)地
    (二)制法
    (三)釉
    (四)紋飾
    (五)器形
    1．仿銅陶禮器
    2．生活用器
    3．模型明器
    二  瓷器
    (一)青瓷
    (二)黑(醬)釉瓷
    三  銅器
    四  鐵器
    五  其他
    (一)銀器
    (二)琉璃器
    (三)石器
第四章  分期與年代
  第一節(jié)  墓葬分組
  第二節(jié)  分期與年代
  第三節(jié)  各期墓葬形制的發(fā)展和隨葬品組合的演變
    一  墓葬形制的發(fā)展
    二  隨葬品組合的演變
第五章結(jié)語
  第一節(jié)  墓地選擇與墓葬分布
  第二節(jié)  葬俗
  第三節(jié)  墓地性質(zhì)
  第四節(jié)  漢墓文化因素分析
  第五節(jié)  漢墓中的合葬習(xí)俗
  第六節(jié)  墓地特點
附表一  土坑墓登記表
附表二  磚室墓登記表
附表三  出土銅鏡統(tǒng)計表
附錄一  戰(zhàn)國墓葬
附錄二  宋代墓葬
附錄三  明清墓葬
后記
英文提要

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